ArticleCureus2026
Allelic Frequency of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 Genetic Variants in Patients With Mechanical Heart Valves on Acenocoumarol Drug Therapy.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Patients with mechanical heart valves require lifelong anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), such as acenocoumarol. However, acenocoumarol has a narrow therapeutic index, and genetic variants in CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 significantly influence individual dose requirements and the risk of adverse events. Limited data exist on the prevalence of these clinically important variants in Central Indian populations. Objectives To determine the frequency of clinically significant genetic variants, alleles, and metabolizer phenotypes of the CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 genes, and to evaluate their clinical relevance in patients undergoing mechanical heart valve replacement with acenocoumarol anticoagulant therapy. Methods A total of 100 adults diagnosed with valvular heart disease with mechanical heart valve replacement and receiving acenocoumarol were enrolled from the cardiothoracic surgery department of All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, India. Genotyping for CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, VKORC1 c.-1639G>A, and CYP4F2 V433M variants was performed using TaqMan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional human ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Results Among the participants, 53% underwent mitral valve replacement, 31% underwent aortic valve replacement, and 16% underwent double-valve replacement. Rheumatic heart disease was the underlying cause in 95% of patients. Ischemic heart disease was the most common comorbidity. For CYP2C9*2, the major, minor, and heterozygous allele frequencies were 91%, 4%, and 5%, respectively. For CYP2C9*3, these were 86%, 9%, and 5%; for VKORC1, 68%, 3%, and 29%; and for CYP4F2, 60%, 8%, and 32%, respectively. The frequencies of normal, intermediate, poor, and rapid metabolizers were 36%, 44%, 15%, and 5%, respectively. Conclusions The study demonstrates a high prevalence (64%) of actionable CYP2C9, VKORC1, and CYP4F2 genotypes among the study participants. Genotype-guided dosing of acenocoumarol can potentially improve treatment outcomes and minimize adverse events in patients with valvular heart disease and mechanical valve replacement.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.