Global burden of venous thromboembolism: incidence and outcome estimates of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is the third most common cause of vascular death worldwide and a major contributor to costly and debilitating non-fatal complications. Despite the changing landscape of risk factors, preventive and diagnostic strategies, risk stratification and therapies, no contemporary global summary of the burden of VTE is available. In a collaborative, multinational effort, we provide a global overview of the incidence and outcomes of VTE. Reliable data were available for only a limited number of countries (predominantly in Northern America, Western Europe and Oceania), with notable regional differences. During 2012-2016, the global annual incidence of deep-vein thrombosis ranged from 25.1 to 131.5 per 100,000 of the population. The incidence of pulmonary embolism rose from 2012-2016 to 2017-2022 in Northern America and Asia but remained stable in Oceania. Among patients with pulmonary embolism, 30-day all-cause mortality ranged globally from 1.0% to 9.0%, and the 1-year cumulative incidence of recurrent VTE ranged from 2.9% to 8.1%. These findings reveal the substantial global burden of VTE, sources of heterogeneity and stark regional gaps in the data, demanding coordinated surveillance, standardized reporting and research into local and global drivers to curb worldwide morbidity and mortality.