ArticleExperimental and clinical psychopharmacology2026
Effects of simulated and real opioid withdrawal on delay discounting for opioids and money in people who use fentanyl daily.
Article in Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Delay discounting describes the devaluation of consequences as the delay to their occurrence increases, which can yield a preference for smaller, sooner over larger, later rewards. Conceptual models and preliminary data suggest that delay discounting is exacerbated in deprivation states, including opioid withdrawal, which can shift choice allocation to more immediate rewards. Although withdrawal is hypothesized to affect decision making in opioid use disorder, research that experimentally manipulates withdrawal in people with opioid use disorder is limited by feasibility considerations. Simulated withdrawal manipulations could address this gap, but their validity is not well established. The current analysis compared the effects of real and simulated opioid withdrawal on delay discounting in people with moderate-to-severe opioid use disorder and daily fentanyl use by combining data from two previous studies. Study 1 (
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