ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
High complement activation index predicts renal progression in crescentic IgA nephropathy.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Crescentic immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) with Oxford C2 lesions (≥25% crescents) represents a severe disease phenotype. Individual complement markers show inconsistent prognostic value. We developed a composite Complement Activation Index (CAI) and tested its association with renal progression. Methods: This study enrolled 157 biopsy-confirmed patients with crescentic IgAN. The CAI was derived from four components: (i) urinary C3 > 2.8mg/L, (ii) serum C3 < 0.80 g/L, (iii) glomerular C3 immunofluorescence intensity ≥ 2+, and (iv) presence of glomerular C1q deposition. Each component contributed 1 point, categorizing patients into low- CAI and high- CAI groups. The association between CAI and the composite kidney disease progression event, defined as doubling of serum creatinine or end-stage renal disease, was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: A high CAI (43.9%, 69/157) was associated with worse baseline renal function (eGFR 39 vs. 65 mL/min/1.73 m², P<0.001), higher proteinuria (4.6 vs. 2.3 g, P<0.001), and more advanced tubulointerstitial injury. Over a median follow-up of 34.1 months, 44 patients (28.0%) reached the composite endpoint. High CAI independently predicted adverse outcomes (adjusted HR 2.58, 95% CI 1.15-5.80, P = 0.022), with each 1-point increase associated with an 87% higher risk (HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.10-3.20, P = 0.021). Adding CAI to the Oxford MEST model improved time-dependent AUC at 36 months (0.79 vs. 0.75, ΔAUC 0.04, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.12). Conclusion: Higher CAI was independently associated with renal progression in crescentic IgAN. As an exploratory composite index, CAI may complement existing pathological risk stratification, but its incremental clinical utility requires prospective validation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.