Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42820064›Full record

ReviewJournal of immunotherapy and precision oncology2026

The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Journey: From Early Promise to Lasting Impact.

Joud Hajjar, Bettzy Stephen, Ashley E Aaroe, Mazen M Aiche, Nagham Al-Zubidi, May Ameri, Kaitlyn E Aragon, Ivan Darin Carabenciov, Mark S Chambers, Amina Lateef Chaudhry and 40 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

50 authors.

Joud HajjarDepartment of Adult Allergy and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
Bettzy StephenDepartment of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Ashley E AaroeDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Mazen M AicheDivision of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA.
Nagham Al-ZubidiDepartment of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
May AmeriDepartment of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Kaitlyn E AragonDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5717-558X
Ivan Darin CarabenciovDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Mark S ChambersDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Amina Lateef ChaudhryDepartment of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Jean M ConnorsDivision of Cancer Hematology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
Michael A DaviesDepartment of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Kala Chand DebnathDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Saadia A FaizDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Clifton D FullerDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Ryan P GoepfertDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Dan S GombosDepartment of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Shruti GuptaDivision of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA.
Matthew HadfieldDivision of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Brown University Health, Providence, RI, USA.
Katherine A HutchesonDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Shajedul IslamDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Abdullah JalalDivision of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA.
Migara JayasekeraDepartment of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch Health, Galveston, TX, USA.
Khalid A JaziehDepartment of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Aye KhineDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Peter KimDepartment of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Stephen Y LaiDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Yu Leo LeiDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Yuanteng Jeff LiSectionof Rheumatology, Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Svetomir N MarkovicDepartment of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Holly McMillanDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Amy C MorenoDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Fiorinda MuhajDepartment of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Marc-Elie NaderDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Adegbenga OtunDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Omar PachaDepartment of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Nicolas L PalaskasDepartment of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Anisha B PatelDepartment of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Nimisha PatelDepartment of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Zoe QuandtDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Oded SagivDepartment of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Elad SharonHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Malek ShatilaDepartment of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
Ajay SheshadriDepartment of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Maria E Suarez-AlmazorDepartment of Health Services Research-Clinical, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Anusha Shirwaikar ThomasDepartment of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Yinghong WangDepartment of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Alex WonDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Hao Chi ZhangDepartment of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
Aung NaingDepartment of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4803-8513

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer therapy, yet their clinical impact is limited by immune-related adverse events (irAEs), therapeutic resistance, and the lack of reliable predictive biomarkers, contributing to a shift from early promise to a therapeutic plateau. irAEs affect multiple organ systems and may lead to treatment interruption and significant morbidity. Emerging strategies emphasize phenotype-driven and steroid-sparing approaches to control toxicity while preserving antitumor efficacy. Concurrently, primary and acquired resistance remain major challenges, driven by tumor-intrinsic mechanisms, immune microenvironment alterations, and host factors. Furthermore, current biomarkers, including programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor mutation burden, demonstrate inconsistent predictive performance across tumor types. Advances in immune profiling, genomics, and microbiome research are enabling more precise patient stratification and informing novel therapeutic strategies, including rational combinations and targeted immunomodulation. This position article synthesizes key barriers in ICI therapy while highlighting emerging opportunities to refine patient selection, improve safety, and enhance therapeutic durability. Together, these advances position the field to move beyond the current plateau toward a more precise, effective, and patient-centered era of immuno-oncology. Graphical Abstract:

Indexed as

artificial intelligencecost-effectivenessimmune checkpoint inhibitorsimmune-related adverse eventsimmunotherapy perspectiveimmunotherapy resistancepatient selectionprecision immuno-oncologypredictive biomarkerstumor microenvironment

Identifiers

PMID42820064
PMCPMC13625931

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.