ArticleResuscitation plus2026
Nighttime human-supervised drone-delivered automated external defibrillators: a quasi-experimental mixed-methods feasibility study.
Article in Resuscitation plus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and operational challenges of human-supervised flight drone-delivered automated external defibrillator (AED) operations during nighttime for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), using a convergent mixed-methods design integrating quantitative performance metrics with qualitative human factors analysis. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with 24 controlled flights (12 daytime, 12 nighttime) was conducted in a semi-urban area using a DJI M30T drone carrying a lightweight CellAED (480 g) over 877 m. Advanced-rated paramedic drone pilots executed human-supervised flight flights under extended visual line of sight (EVLOS), using automated waypoint navigation and manual final approach and landing. protocols. Quantitative data included flight times and safety incidents, analyzed using paired Results: All 24 flights completed successfully without safety incidents or obstacle-avoidance triggers. Mean flight times were comparable (day: 136.00 ± 8.71 s vs. night: 139.92 ± 14.16 s; paired mean difference 3.92 s, S.D. 16.49, Conclusion: Under controlled, early-night, open-area conditions, all human-supervised flight drone-delivered AED operations missions were completed without observed safety incidents. However, successful nighttime implementation requires addressing pilot workload, interface design, and operational protocols. These findings support development of 24/7 drone AED services while highlighting critical human factors considerations for sustainable operations.
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