ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Levofloxacin-Catalase-PLGA Nanoparticles Potentiate Sonodynamic Therapy to Alleviate BCG-Induced Tuberculous Granulomas via PI3K/Akt/VEGF Pathway Suppression in Rats.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: Hypoxic tuberculous granulomas induce vascular dysfunction and severely impede drug penetration. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism by which sonodynamic therapy (SDT) induces vascular normalization and synergistic immunomodulatory effects. Methods: Levofloxacin and catalase co-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (LEV@CAT-NPs) were prepared and characterized. Results: LEV@CAT-NPs exhibited excellent stability and oxygen-generating capacity. SDT effectively alleviated intralesional hypoxia and downregulated HIF-1α and VEGF expression, promoting vascular normalization - evidenced by reduced vascular density, increased pericyte coverage, decreased leakage, improved perfusion, and enhanced tight junctions. Mechanistically, SDT inhibited the PI3K/Akt/VEGF pathway, reduced macrophage VEGF secretion, and induced macrophage apoptosis, thereby suppressing abnormal angiogenesis and improving drug penetration. The treatment also activated innate and adaptive immune pathways, promoting CD3⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell infiltration. Conclusion: The SDT-driven mechano-chemical synergistic strategy effectively induces vascular normalization in tuberculous granulomas, improves drug delivery, and offers a promising approach for treating drug-resistant tuberculosis through microenvironment remodeling.
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