ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding food-drug interactions and drug-nutrient interactions among clinical nutrition specialists in Saudi Arabia.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Food-drug interactions (FDIs) and drug-nutrient interactions (DNIs) can significantly affect therapeutic outcomes and patient safety. Clinical nutrition specialists play a key role in identifying and managing these interactions; however, their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding FDIs and DNIs remain insufficiently explored in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 353 licensed clinical nutrition specialists across Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Three separate multivariable linear regression models were developed to examine factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Forest plots were generated to visualize the adjusted associations. Results: Clinical nutrition specialists had a mean knowledge score of 6.44 ± 4.08 out of 15, a mean attitude score of 31.38 ± 6.17 out of 40, and a mean practice score of 20.26 ± 5.96 out of 30. Higher knowledge scores were associated with having a doctoral degree, previous attendance at FDIs/DNIs training courses, exposure to FDIs/DNIs topics during university education, and managing patients with digestive or cardiovascular diseases. Attitude scores showed a mixed relationship with education and training: they were higher among those with a Master's degree but lower among those with a doctoral degree or prior formal training, and were also associated with employment in the private sector, management of cardiovascular diseases, and knowledge scores. Better practice scores were associated with higher knowledge and attitude scores, whereas a longer time since graduation was associated with lower practice scores; neither educational attainment nor formal training remained independently associated with practice scores in the adjusted model. Conclusion: Saudi clinical nutrition specialists demonstrated positive attitudes but had important knowledge and practice gaps regarding FDIs and DNIs. Higher educational attainment and formal training were consistently associated with greater knowledge, but their relationship with attitudes was inconsistent, and neither was independently associated with practice. These domain-specific patterns highlight the importance of strengthening undergraduate curricula, pairing continuing professional development with attention to its effect on practitioner attitudes, and improving access to clinical decision-support tools.
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