ArticleMaterials today. Bio2026
Boosting oral bioavailability of taraxasterol via a nanocrystal-mucoadhesive micropatch platform for potent multi-mechanistic protection against drug-induced liver injury.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious adverse reaction with limited therapeutic options. Taraxasterol (TAS), a natural triterpenoid with hepatoprotective potential, suffers from poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability, hindering its clinical application. Here, we develop an integrated oral delivery platform comprising TAS nanocrystals (TAS NCs) stabilized by D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), embedded within chitosan-carbopol polyelectrolyte complex (EPC) micropatches, and encapsulated in enteric-coated capsules (TAS NCs@EPC/CAP). This design sequentially overcomes multiple absorption barriers through a multi-stage process: nanocrystallization enhances dissolution and permits TPGS-mediated P-glycoprotein inhibition and hepatocyte uptake; the mucoadhesive EPC micropatches prolong intestinal residence and transiently open tight junctions; and enteric coating ensures site-specific release in the small intestine. In mice, TAS NCs@EPC/CAP dramatically improved oral bioavailability (AUC increased 3.1-fold vs. free TAS) and achieved sustained liver enrichment. In both acetaminophen-induced intrinsic and isoniazid/rifampicin-induced idiosyncratic DILI models, TAS NCs@EPC/CAP exerted superior hepatoprotection, as evidenced by normalized liver function markers (ALT, AST, LDH), attenuated oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, GSH, SOD), suppressed inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and reduced hepatocyte apoptosis. Integrated network pharmacology and experimental validation revealed that TAS NCs@EPC/CAP potentiates the effects of TAS, leading to enhanced activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling, more pronounced inhibition of JNK-mediated stress pathways, and greater modulation of the Bax/Bcl-2/caspase-3 apoptotic cascade. This study establishes a clinically translatable oral delivery strategy for TAS and provides a versatile platform for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble natural products, with potent efficacy against diverse forms of DILI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.