ArticleNano energy2026
Machine Learning-Based Force and Activity Recognition in Total Knee Replacement Using Hybrid Triboelectric/Piezoelectric PVDF Sensors.
Article in Nano energy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Smart orthopedic implants require sensing systems that can monitor joint loading without increasing dependence on batteries or complex implanted electronics. Here, we report an implant-integrated hybrid triboelectric-piezoelectric nanogenerator (TPNG) built from six multilayer Cu/PVDF transducers distributed across the medial and lateral compartments of a tibial-tray-inspired total knee replacement (TKR) package. Coupling triboelectric contact-separation to the piezoelectric response of the stack increases the peak-to-peak voltage, while the transducers retain 92.4% of their peak-to-peak output after approximately 350,000 gait cycles. The present study evaluates the sensors under predominantly centered axial loading, which consists of 90% of loading going through the knee joint. Using a single full-wave rectifier across all six transducers charges a 0.22
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