ArticleBrain and behavior2026
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal of Negative Emotion: A Brain Activation and Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction Study.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCognitive reappraisal has been extensively investigated using fMRI, yet the neural mechanisms underlying up- versus down-regulation of negative emotion remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to examine brain activation and task-dependent functional connectivity for both regulatory goals.
methodsA well-established cognitive reappraisal task was employed during an fMRI scan, with 21 participants instructed to up- and down-regulate negative emotions by mentally reinterpreting the stimuli. Whole-brain activation analyses included a conjunction-null analysis and differential contrasts to identify shared and goal-specific activation. Generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analyses were also performed to examine task-dependent functional connectivity.
resultsDown-regulation primarily engaged the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG), whereas up-regulation recruited prefrontal regions and the left insula. The conjunction-null analysis revealed common activation in a predominantly left-lateralized frontoparietal-medial frontal network beyond viewing negative pictures. Differential contrasts showed that up-regulation specifically recruited the left postcentral gyrus, whereas down-regulation specifically recruited occipital regions and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In exploratory and uncorrected gPPI analyses, during down-regulation, the VLPFC was positively coupled with the right MTG, whereas during up-regulation, the left DLPFC was coupled with the left insula and dorsal striatum.
conclusionThese findings suggest that up- and down-regulation share a common frontoparietal-medial frontal network, but differ in goal-specific activation and connectivity patterns. Down-regulation may rely more on cognitive and semantic processing, whereas up-regulation may involve reward-related and interoceptive mechanisms. Given the exploratory nature of the gPPI findings, the connectivity results should be considered preliminary.
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