ArticleJournal of gambling studies2026
Online vs. In Person Gambling: Does Exposure to Brick-and-Mortar Gambling Shops Lead to Increased Online Gambling?
Article in Journal of gambling studies, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The rise of online gambling in Great Britain in the past two decades has caused increased public health concerns. This study adds to existing evidence on physical gambling environment as a driver of gambling participation, using a 2022 national survey. With respect to gambling-related risks, existing evidence suggests a relationship, albeit complex, between gambling opportunities and increased levels of related problems. The study cuts into this complexity by factorising the risk of online gambling, and leveraging a double negative control design to estimate the causal effect of exposure to physical gambling shops on individuals' online gambling participation. Our findings show that, for the survey sample, an increase in shop exposure predicts an increased average risk of online gambling. Measuring shop exposure by distance to nearest shops, we find that for all-type gambling (i.e gaming and betting), being in the highest versus lowest exposure decile raises the risk of online gambling by around 1.49 fold for the general population, and around 1.69 fold for the rural-suburban residents. These observations are in line with existing research reporting gambling risk differentials across exposure levels. Besides contributing causal estimates of these risk differences on average and for urban, rural residents, the study provides novel insights on the interpretations of the main findings in terms of partial substitution between online vs. land-based gambling. The results and methods from this study are relevant for theoretical as well as policy debates on possible interventions to prevent and mitigate online gambling harms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42858210What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.