ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Dynamic associations among exercise self-efficacy, extracurricular exercise involvement, and perceived physical fitness in Chinese undergraduates: a three-wave RI-CLPM study.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Inroduction: University students often experience difficulties maintaining regular extracurricular exercise, yet less is known about how exercise-related confidence, involvement, and perceived fitness unfold within individuals over time. This three-wave longitudinal study examined the dynamic associations among Exercise Self-Efficacy (ESE), Extracurricular Exercise Involvement (EEI), and Perceived Physical Fitness (PPF) in Chinese undergraduates using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). Methods: Undergraduate students aged 18 years or older from eight universities in Sichuan Province, China, participated in offline surveys at three waves with approximately eight-week intervals. The baseline (T1) analytic sample included 1,673 students; 1,543 provided valid follow-up data at T2, and 1,455 provided valid follow-up data at T3. Manifest mean scores of ESE, EEI, and PPF were analyzed in Mplus 8.3 using robust maximum likelihood and full-information maximum likelihood for missing data. Results: The free-lag RI-CLPM showed excellent fit and was retained as the final model. At the within-person level, higher-than-usual ESE predicted higher-than-usual EEI at the subsequent wave across both intervals. Higher-than-usual EEI also predicted higher-than-usual PPF across both intervals. In addition, EEI at T2 positively predicted ESE at T3; individual between-interval path differences did not survive multiplicity adjustment. In contrast, PPF did not significantly predict later ESE or EEI. The specific indirect association from ESE_T1 to PPF_T3 through EEI_T2 was small (b = 0.02250; standardized estimate = 0.02038) and received tentative support from the 95% bias-corrected bootstrap interval [0.004, 0.051], while the Wald test was marginal ( Discussion: These findings identify exercise self-efficacy and the quality of extracurricular exercise involvement as candidate targets for experimental research on university students' perceived fitness.
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