ReviewDrugs1993
The inter-relationship between insulin resistance and hypertension.
Review in Drugs, 1993. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary amino acid intake and the risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis on the safety and efficacy of long-term garlic consumption as an adjunctive treatment for hypertension.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- The Effects of Fenugreek Seed Consumption on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of Religious Fasting in Ramadan on Blood Pressure: Results From LORANS (London Ramadan Study) and a Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Pooled it
- Differential Metabolic Effects of Beta-Blockers: an Updated Systematic Review of Nebivolol.Current hypertension reports · 2017Pooled it
- Intensive blood pressure lowering reduces adverse cardiovascular outcomes among patients with high-normal glucose: An analysis from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial database.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2018Trial
- A systematic review examining the association between parity and gravidity & hypertension and blood pressure.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2026Article
- Hypertension in Diabetes: Numbers or Outcomes?American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2026Review
- Mediating Role of Insulin Resistance in the Association Between Body Composition and Hypertension.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review of Weight Management Strategies: From Lifestyle Interventions to Emerging Pharmacotherapies.Journal of obesity · 2026Review
- Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinemia Should Be Considered in the Prevention and Treatment of Essential Hypertension.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Association between metabolic score for insulin resistance and future stroke risk in patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3: a longitudinal analysis based on CHARLS.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Association of the triglyceride glucose-waist height ratio with asymptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Impact of Insulin-Induced Relative Hypoglycemia on Vascular Insulin Sensitivity and Central Hemodynamics in Prediabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Periosteal distraction as a new surgical technique for the treatment of senile diabetic foot: A retrospective case analysis.Medicine · 2025Article
- TEMR: Trans-ethnic mendelian randomization method using large-scale GWAS summary datasets.American journal of human genetics · 2025Article
- Association between higher estimated glucose disposal rate and reduced prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Association between triglyceride-glucose index and estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Nigerian non-diabetic hypertensives: A cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- An Overview of Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Modern Management.Current hypertension reviews · 2025Review
- Environmental Heavy Metal Exposure and Associated Cardiovascular Diseases in Light of the Triglyceride Glucose Index.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia commonly occur in patients with untreated essential hypertension. The coexistence of insulin resistance and hypertension can be viewed as a cause-effect relationship (insulin resistance as a cause of hypertension or vice versa) or as a noncausal association. Insulin can increase blood pressure via several mechanisms: increased renal sodium reabsorption, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, alteration of transmembrane ion transport, and hypertrophy of resistance vessels. Conversely, hypertension can cause insulin resistance by altering the delivery of insulin and glucose to skeletal muscle cells, resulting in impaired glucose uptake. For example, hypertension can impair vasodilation of skeletal muscle as a result of vascular structural changes and rarefaction, and increased response to vasoconstrictor stimuli. Also, the prevalence of muscle type 2b fibres (fast twitch fibres) may contribute to the development of insulin resistance. The common pathogenetic mechanism for both insulin resistance and hypertension could be activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This results in vasoconstriction, and may contribute to the genesis of vascular structural changes and increase the number of fast twitch fibres. Finally, hypertension and insulin resistance can be viewed as a noncausal association, according to the following hypotheses: 1) they may represent 2 independent consequences of the same metabolic disorder (intracellular free calcium accumulation), or 2) insulin resistance is a genetic marker and/or a pathogenetic mechanism of multiple metabolic abnormalities frequently associated with hypertension.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.