Transcription factors as drug targets: opportunities for therapeutic selectivity.

Many traditional drugs target cell surface receptors. Medicinal chemists and pharmacologists have not ventured into the field of transcription regulation due to the fear that drugs that interfere with transcription regulation may not be selective or efficacious. The past 5 years have seen some exciting developments in the field of signal transduction in general, and transcription regulation in particular. Our understanding of mechanisms of regulated and basal transcription is advanced to a degree that it should be possible to selectively modulate a target gene directly. In this review we have argued that sufficient diversity exists in the combinatorial interplay of the transcription factors to offer opportunities for selective therapeutic intervention. We have focused our attention on transcriptional factors that play a role in three different therapeutic areas: osteoporosis, immune modulation, and cardiovascular diseases. Human estrogen receptor is considered as a model transcription factor. The role of estrogen in bone remodeling is discussed. Opportunities for tissue-specific modulation of estrogen receptors are described. For selective immune modulation, we have discussed the role of NF-AT (nuclear factors for activated T cells) transcription factors in interleukin-2 gene regulation. The last section focuses on the transcriptional mechanisms conferring tissue specificity in regulated expression of the apoAI gene, a major component of HDL, in liver. We have highlighted opportunities for rational development of transcription-based drugs useful for raising HDL plasma levels and atherosclerosis prevention.