ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)1995
The rhetoric of research.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Distortion in the Communication of Nonsignificant Primary Outcomes: The Spin Strategy in Multiple Sclerosis Trials.Annals of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Level and Prevalence of Spin in Published Cardiovascular Randomized Clinical Trial Reports With Statistically Nonsignificant Primary Outcomes: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- "Spin" in randomized controlled trials of digital implant surgery: a meta-epidemiologic study.Evidence-based dentistry · 2026Article
- Misleading readers without lies: understanding spin and its relevance to acupuncture research.Integrative medicine research · 2026Article
- Article
- Safeguarding the integrity of scientific literature in the 21st century.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Spin Bias in randomized controlled trials of botulinum toxin for bruxism management: a meta-epidemiologic study.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- CONSORT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Article
- [Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration - a Korean translation].Ewha medical journal · 2024Article
- Spin in dental publications: a scoping review.Brazilian oral research · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Trial registration as a safeguard against outcome reporting bias and spin? A case study of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture.PloS one · 2019Article
- Spin in the reporting, interpretation, and extrapolation of adverse effects of orthodontic interventions: protocol for a cross-sectional study of systematic reviews.Research integrity and peer review · 2019Article
- Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2018Article
- Classification and prevalence of spin in abstracts of non-randomized studies evaluating an intervention.BMC medical research methodology · 2015Article
- Article
- All that glitters isn't gold: a survey on acknowledgment of limitations in biomedical studies.PloS one · 2013Article
- Evidence and its uses in health care and research: the role of critical thinking.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.