Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation1998
Exendin(9-39)amide is an antagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide in humans.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 89 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Alpha to Beta Cell Communication in Health and Disease
Open the trial in the graphEffect of GLP-1 on Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Subjects and Patients With T2DM. Part 1: A Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy of Exendin(9-39)Amide as a GLP-1 Receptor Antagonist in Healthy Subjects
Regulation of Antro-pyloro-duodenal and Proximal Gastric Motility by GLP-1: Involvement of Cholinergic Pathways
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, 4-period, Crossover Study to Assess the Impact of MK-0431 (Sitagliptin) on Incretin Effect and the Role of Specific Incretin Hormones in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 266 citations in OpenAlex.
- GI Dysfunctions in Diabetic Gastroenteropathy, Their Relationships With Symptoms, and Effects of a GLP-1 Antagonist.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2019Trial
- Metformin-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion contributes to the actions of metformin in type 2 diabetes.JCI insight · 2018Trial
- Population pharmacokinetics of exendin-(9-39) and clinical dose selection in patients with congenital hyperinsulinism.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2018Trial
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition Potentiates Stimulated Growth Hormone Secretion and Vasodilation in Women.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2018Trial
- GIP(3-30)NHDiabetologia · 2018Trial
- Initial evidence that GLP-1 receptor blockade fails to suppress postprandial satiety or promote food intake in humans.Appetite · 2014Trial
- Comparative effects of A1 versus A2 beta-casein on gastrointestinal measures: a blinded randomised cross-over pilot study.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2014Trial
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- Unimolecular GLP-1/Apelin Hybrid Peptides Cause Prominent Appetite Suppression, as Well as Enhancing Insulin Secretion, Beta-Cell Survival and Glycaemic Regulation.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- In vivo functional profiling and structural characterization of the humanScience advances · 2026Article
- Constructing chimeric mouse islets to study alpha- and delta-cell influence on beta-cell feature.Molecular metabolism · 2025Article
- Dual and Triple Gut Peptide Agonists on the Horizon for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. An Overview of Preclinical and Clinical Data.Current obesity reports · 2025Review
- Advances in GLP-1 receptor agonists for pain treatment and their future potential.The journal of headache and pain · 2025 · on this mapReview
- Ferroptosis and pyroptosis in diabetes mellitus: emerging therapeutic potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2025Review
- Annual Prize Lecture 2024: Endogenous physiological mechanisms as basis for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.The Journal of physiology · 2024Article
- GLP-1 and its derived peptides mediate pain relief through direct TRPV1 inhibition without affecting thermoregulation.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Article
- V1bR enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by paracrine production of glucagon which activates GLP-1 receptor.Cell & bioscience · 2024Article
- Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.Medical review (2021) · 2024Review
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The gastrointestinal hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) is released after a meal. The potency of synthetic GLP-1 in stimulating insulin secretion and in inhibiting glucagon secretion indicates the putative physiological function of GLP-1. In vitro, the nonmammalian peptide, exendin(9-39)amide [ex(9-39)NH2], is a specific and competitive antagonist of GLP-1. This in vivo study examined the efficacy of ex(9-39)NH2 as an antagonist of exogenous GLP-1 and the physiological role of endogenous GLP-1. Six healthy volunteers underwent 10 experiments in random order. In each experiment, a 30-min period of euglycemia was followed by an intravenous infusion of glucose for 150 min that established a stable hyperglycemia of 8 mmol/liter. There was a concomitant intravenous infusion of one of the following: (1) saline, (2) GLP-1 (for 60 min at 0.3 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 that established physiological postprandial plasma levels, and for another 60 min at 0.9 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 to induce supraphysiological plasma levels), (3-5) ex(9-39)NH2 at 30, 60, or 300 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 + GLP-1, (6-8) ex(9-39)NH2 at 30, 60, or 300 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 + saline, (9 and 10) GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; for 60 min at 0.8 pmol . kg-1 . min-1, with saline or ex(9-39)NH2 at 300 pmol . kg-1 . min-1). Each volunteer received each of these concomitant infusions on separate days. ex(9-39)NH2 dose-dependently reduced the insulinotropic action of GLP-1 with the inhibitory effect declining with increasing doses of GLP-1. ex(9-39)NH2 at 300 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 blocked the insulinotropic effect of physiological doses of GLP-1 and completely antagonized the glucagonostatic effect at both doses of GLP-1. Given alone, this load of ex(9-39)NH2 increased plasma glucagon levels during euglycemia and hyperglycemia. It had no effect on plasma levels of insulin during euglycemia but decreased plasma insulin during hyperglycemia. ex(9-39)NH2 did not alter GIP-stimulated insulin secretion. These data indicate that in humans, ex(9-39)NH2 is a potent GLP-1 antagonist without any agonistic properties. The pancreatic A cell is under a tonic inhibitory control of GLP-1. At hyperglycemia, the B cell is under a tonic stimulatory control of GLP-1.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.