Evidence map›Paper›PMID 9673301›Full record

ArticleThe New England journal of medicine1998

Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction.

S M Haffner, S Lehto, T Rönnemaa, K Pyörälä, M Laakso

7 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The New England journal of medicine, 1998. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 7 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,786 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1,786citing papers in PubMed, 8 pooled it
97.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01384058 phase4completedstarted 2007, after this paper: background citation

The Effect of Ezetimibe 10 mg, Simvastatin 20 mg and the Combination of Simvastatin 20 mg Plus 10 mg Ezetimibe on Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-Subfractions in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Ran2007Enrolled41Registered outcomes5Posted comparisons0ConditionsDiabetes Mellitus Type 2, HypercholesterolemiaArmsEzetimibe, Ezetimibe 10/Simvastatin 20, simvastatin
PMID 12466341PMID 15146369PMID 1832551PMID 7981955PMID 8060384PMID 8325978PMID 8429263PMID 8782636PMID 8782637PMID 8818515PMID 8830938PMID 8994419other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
NCT04134650 phase3unknown statusstarted 2019, after this paper: background citation

Effect of Low Dose Combination of Linagliptin and Metformin to Improve Pancreatic Beta Cell Function, Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Function in Patients With Prediabetes and Overweight/Obesity: Randomizer Clinical Trial

Ran2019Enrolled34Registered outcomes3Posted comparisons0ConditionsInsulin Resistance, Prediabetic StateArmsLinagliptin + metformin, Metformin
PMID 9727886PMID 16873794PMID 19590846PMID 6166661PMID 1532777other papers from this trial
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NCT04183868 phase4completedstarted 2016, after this paper: background citation

Comparative Effects of Empagliflozin Versus Glimepiride After 26-weeks of Treatment Add on Metformin on Myocardial Metabolic Rate of Glucose Estimated Through 18FDG-PET in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Ran2016Enrolled26Registered outcomes10Posted comparisons0ConditionsCardiovascular Risk Factor, Type 2 DiabetesArmsempagliflozin 10 mg, Glimepiride 2 mg
PMID 24929430PMID 24463454PMID 26378978PMID 29496507PMID 30999996PMID 758126PMID 8366922PMID 8883708PMID 9742976PMID 25271206PMID 23404920PMID 22357182other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
NCT02748330 phase4completednot on this mapstarted 2016, after this paper: background citation

A Randomized, Open-label, Active-controlled, Parallel-group Study to Investigate the Platelet Inhibition of Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Recent Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

TypeinterventionalSponsorPeking Union Medical College HospitalRan2016 to 2018Enrolled40ConditionsCoronary Artery Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2ArmsTicagrelor, Clopidogrel, Aspirin
NCT04612933 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation

Effectiveness of Video Consultations in Type 1 Diabetes Patients Treated With Insulin Pumps in the Outpatient Clinic

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of Southern DenmarkRan2021 to 2024Enrolled76ConditionsTelemedicine, Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 1ArmsIntervention group video consultations
NCT05128747 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Effectiveness of Nutritional Program Intervention for Control of Lipid Profile Among Diabetic Patients

TypeinterventionalSponsorAssiut UniversityRan2022 to 2022Enrolled190ConditionsDyslipidemia Associated With Type II Diabetes MellitusArmsDASH diet
NCT06992466 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Short Term Outcomes After Primary PCI in Diabetic Patients Treated With Insulin Versus Oral Anti-diabetic Drugs

TypeobservationalSponsorAssiut UniversityRan2025 to 2026Enrolled210ConditionsDiabetes Mellitus, PCI
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1,786 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 7,049 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  10. Long-Term Effects of Low-Dose Aspirin on Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Bleeding Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2025
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  18. The paradox of SMURF-less outcomes and its implication for diabetes.European heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes · 2026
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

1,726 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

S M HaffnerDepartment of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78284-7873, USA.
S Lehto
T Rönnemaa
K Pyörälä
M Laakso
University of Eastern Finland · FIThe University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio · USUniversity of Turku · FI

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundType 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes is associated with a marked increase in the risk of coronary heart disease. It has been debated whether patients with diabetes who have not had myocardial infarctions should be treated as aggressively for cardiovascular risk factors as patients who have had myocardial infarctions.

methodsTo address this issue, we compared the seven-year incidence of myocardial infarction (fatal and nonfatal) among 1373 nondiabetic subjects with the incidence among 1059 diabetic subjects, all from a Finnish population-based study.

resultsThe seven-year incidence rates of myocardial infarction in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction at base line were 18.8 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively (P<0.001). The seven-year incidence rates of myocardial infarction in diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction at base line were 45.0 percent and 20.2 percent, respectively (P<0.001). The hazard ratio for death from coronary heart disease for diabetic subjects without prior myocardial infarction as compared with nondiabetic subjects with prior myocardial infarction was not significantly different from 1.0 (hazard ratio, 1.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 2.6) after adjustment for age and sex, suggesting similar risks of infarction in the two groups. After further adjustment for total cholesterol, hypertension, and smoking, this hazard ratio remained close to 1.0 (hazard ratio, 1.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.6 to 2.4).

conclusionsOur data suggest that diabetic patients without previous myocardial infarction have as high a risk of myocardial infarction as nondiabetic patients with previous myocardial infarction. These data provide a rationale for treating cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients as aggressively as in nondiabetic patients with prior myocardial infarction.

Indexed as

Case-Control StudiesCoronary DiseaseCross-Sectional StudiesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleFinlandFollow-Up StudiesHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedMyocardial InfarctionProportional Hazards ModelsRisk FactorsSurvival Analysis

Identifiers

PMID9673301
OpenAlexW2331274940

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

and 1 more above

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.