Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25874236›Full record

Trial reportJournal of diabetes research2015

Metformin treatment in type 2 diabetes in pregnancy: an active controlled, parallel-group, randomized, open label study in patients with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy.

Jahan Ara Ainuddin, Nasim Karim, Sidra Zaheer, Syed Sanwer Ali, Anjum Ara Hasan

3 registry-linked trialsFull text readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of diabetes research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It reports registered trial NCT01855763. Cited by 44 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01855763 phase2 / phase3unknown status

Metformin in Gestational Diabetes and type2 Diabetes in Pregnancy in a Developing Country

Ran2008Enrolled300Registered outcomes6Posted comparisons0ConditionsGestational Diabetes, Pregnancy, Type 2 DiabetesArmsInsulin, Metformin
Open the trial in the graph
NCT05479214 phase4completedstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Effect of Adding Metformin to Insulin in Uncontrolled Diabetic Patients During the 3rd Trimester of Pregnancy on Glycemic Control, Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes ,Randomized Controlled Trial

Ran2022Enrolled150Registered outcomes8Posted comparisons0ConditionsDiabetes Mellitus PregnancyArmsInsulin, Metformin
PMID 24847880PMID 28761217PMID 17336651PMID 18297573PMID 21843303PMID 24705609PMID 9203460PMID 28217599PMID 27549587other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
NCT07171684 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Single vs Multi-Dose Insulin for Glycemic Control (SUGAR): A Randomized Noninferiority Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorRutgers, The State University of New JerseyRan2025 to 2027Enrolled176ConditionsDiabetes in Pregnancy, Gestational DiabetesArmsInsulin glargine alone, Insulin glargine + insulin lispro
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

44 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Metformin + Insulin vs. Insulin for GDM and T2DM during pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2026 · on this map
    Pooled it
  2. Guideline
  3. Pooled it
  4. Gestational weight gain according to treatment in gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2025
    Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
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  7. Pooled it
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  9. Evaluation of Preeclampsia Results after Use of Metformin in Gestation: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia · 2018
    Pooled it
  10. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017
    Pooled it
  11. Pooled it
  12. Trial
  13. Article
  14. Early Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Need for Better Understanding and Wise Navigation.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026
    Article
  15. Review
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jahan Ara AinuddinDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74400, Pakistan.
Nasim KarimDepartment of Pharmacology, Medical and Dental College, Bahria University, Karachi 75500, Pakistan.
Sidra ZaheerSchool of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 75300, Pakistan.
Syed Sanwer AliDepartment of Community Health Sciences, United Medical and Dental College, Karachi 74900, Pakistan.
Anjum Ara HasanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi 74400, Pakistan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTo assess the effect of metformin and to compare it with insulin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy in terms of perinatal outcome, maternal complications, additional insulin requirement, and treatment acceptability.

methodsIn this randomized, open label study, 206 patients with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy who met the eligibility criteria were selected from the antenatal clinics. Insulin was added to metformin treatment when required, to maintain the target glycemic control. The patients were followed up till delivery. Maternal, and perinatal outcomes and pharmacotherapeutic characteristics were recorded on a proforma.

resultsMaternal characteristics were comparable in metformin and insulin treated group. 84.9% patients in metformin group required add-on insulin therapy at mean gestational age of 26.58 ± 3.85 weeks. Less maternal weight gain (P < 0.001) and pregnancy induced hypertension (P = 0.029) were observed in metformin treated group. Small for date babies were more in metformin group (P < 0.01). Neonatal hypoglycemia was significantly less and so was NICU stay of >24 hours in metformin group (P < 0.01). Significant reduction in cost of treatment was found in metformin group.

conclusionMetformin alone or with add-on insulin is an effective and cheap treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy. This trial is registered with clinical trial registration number: Clinical trials.gov NCT01855763.

Indexed as

AdultBlood GlucoseDiabetes ComplicationsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleGestational AgeHumansHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinMetforminPregnancyPregnancy ComplicationsPregnancy OutcomeTreatment OutcomeWeight GainBlood GlucoseHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinMetformin

Identifiers

PMID25874236
PMCPMC4385634

What Socratic holds

Textfull text, public
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.