ReviewDiabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders2018
A Review of Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Is There a Place for Adjunctive Metformin?
Review in Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of GLP-1 on Microvascular Insulin Responses in Type 1 Diabetes
Effect of Postprandial Hyperglycemia on Vasculature in Type 1 Diabetes and Healthy Adults
Using Closed-Loop Artificial Pancreas Technology to Reduce Glycemic Variability and Subsequently Improve Cardiovascular Health in Type 1 Diabetes
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy and Safety of Metformin as Add-on Therapy to Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Non-Insulin Antidiabetes Treatment in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2021Pooled it
- Low-carbohydrate diet proved effective and safe for youths with type 1 diabetes: A randomised trial.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Trial
- Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Glycemic Control in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Partial Crossover.Diabetes care · 2020Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Resveratrol in Type 1 Diabetes Patients: A Two-Month Preliminary Exploratory Trial.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Clinical utility of the twiist Automated Insulin Delivery System: first study with twiist.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Article
- Continuous glucose monitoring metrics based clustering in people living with type 1 diabetes identifies phenotypes associated with higher inflammation, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease risk, and lower insulin sensitivity.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Association between triglyceride-glucose index and diabetic kidney disease in adults with type 1 diabetes.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Liver Steatosis and Liver Fibrosis in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Non-invasive Scores.Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni · 2026Article
- Neuropathological changes in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Article
- Closed-loop therapy: recent advancements and potential predictors of glycemic outcomes.Expert opinion on drug delivery · 2025Review
- Current controversies surrounding low-carbohydrate diets in children with type 1 diabetes.Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2025Review
- Metabolite perturbations in type 1 diabetes associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Risk of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in SARS-CoV-2 Patients.Current diabetes reviews · 2025Review
- Interventions Targeting Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Unmet needs in the treatment of type 1 diabetes: why is it so difficult to achieve an improvement in metabolic control?Nutrition & diabetes · 2024Review
- Age at onset of type 1 diabetes between puberty and 30 years old is associated with increased diabetic nephropathy risk.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Metformin Modulates Cell Oxidative Stress to Mitigate Corticosteroid-Induced Suppression of Osteogenesis in a 3D Model.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Type 1 diabetes and combined acute and chronic complications are associated with risk of progression of liver fibrosis: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Diabetes and its Complications: Role of Luteolin, A Wonder Chemical from the Natural Source.Current diabetes reviews · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is a rising trend of overweight and obesity among individuals with type 1 diabetes. This is often associated with insulin resistance, increased insulin dose requirements and poor glycemic control. Insulin resistance is also seen during puberty and is strongly related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The role of metformin as an adjunct to ongoing intensive insulin therapy in type 1 diabetics has been evaluated in several randomized trials, including the recently concluded T1D Exchange Network trial in adolescents and the REMOVAL trial in adults. Metformin reduces the insulin dose requirement, insulin-induced weight gain, and total and LDL cholesterol, but results in an increased risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects and a minor increase in the risk of hypoglycemia. In addition, metformin has been shown to reduce maximal carotid intima media thickness and therefore may extend cardioprotective benefits in type 1 diabetes. The role of metformin as adjunctive therapy in type 1 diabetes needs to be explored further in outcome trials.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.