Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30027404›Full record

SynthesisDiabetologia2018

Sex differences in the association between diabetes and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 121 cohorts including 20 million individuals and one million events.

Toshiaki Ohkuma, Sanne A E Peters, Mark Woodward

Open access · hybridAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Diabetologia, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
93citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
7.1field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

93 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 187 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Guideline
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2022
    Guideline
  5. Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Trial
  8. Trial
  9. Prediagnostic Plasma Metabolite Profiles and Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Toshiaki OhkumaThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Level 10, King George V Building, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia. tohkuma@georgeinstitute.org.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8105-7102
Sanne A E PetersThe George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
Mark WoodwardThe George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Level 10, King George V Building, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia. mark.woodward@georgeinstitute.ox.ac.uk.
Johns Hopkins University · USRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital · AUThe George Institute for Global Health · GB

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/P014550/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisDiabetes has been shown to be a risk factor for some cancers. Whether diabetes confers the same excess risk of cancer, overall and by site, in women and men is unknown.

methodsA systematic search was performed in PubMed for cohort studies published up to December 2016. Selected studies reported sex-specific relative risk (RR) estimates for the association between diabetes and cancer adjusted at least for age in both sexes. Random-effects meta-analyses with inverse-variance weighting were used to obtain pooled sex-specific RRs and women-to-men ratios of RRs (RRRs) for all-site and site-specific cancers.

resultsData on all-site cancer events (incident or fatal only) were available from 121 cohorts (19,239,302 individuals; 1,082,592 events). The pooled adjusted RR for all-site cancer associated with diabetes was 1.27 (95% CI 1.21, 1.32) in women and 1.19 (1.13, 1.25) in men. Women with diabetes had ~6% greater risk compared with men with diabetes (the pooled RRR was 1.06, 95% CI 1.03, 1.09). Corresponding pooled RRRs were 1.10 (1.07, 1.13) for all-site cancer incidence and 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) for all-site cancer mortality. Diabetes also conferred a significantly greater RR in women than men for oral, stomach and kidney cancer, and for leukaemia, but a lower RR for liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationDiabetes is a risk factor for all-site cancer for both women and men, but the excess risk of cancer associated with diabetes is slightly greater for women than men. The direction and magnitude of sex differences varies by location of the cancer.

Indexed as

Sex FactorsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overData Interpretation, StatisticalDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedNeoplasmsRisk FactorsYoung AdultCancerDiabetesMeta-analysisSex differencesSystematic review

Identifiers

PMID30027404
PMCPMC6133170
OpenAlexW2883097879

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.