Trial reportThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2019
Metformin Improves Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It reports registered trial NCT02045290. Cited by 66 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Metformin Therapy for Overweight Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)--Insulin Clamp Ancillary Study for Assessment of Insulin Resistance
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of variable-dose metformin as adjunctive therapy to insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Pooled it
- An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy and Safety of Metformin as Add-on Therapy to Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Effect and Safety of Adding Metformin to Insulin Therapy in Treating Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 10 Randomized Controlled Trials.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of metformin on insulin resistance in adults with type 1 diabetes: a 26-week randomized double-blind clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025 · on this mapTrial
- Combined effect of metformin and ezetimibe on PPAR-γ and adiponectin gene expression and biochemical parameters in MAFLD patients with type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2025 · on this mapTrial
- Glycemia and Gluconeogenesis With Metformin and Liraglutide: A Randomized Trial in Youth-onset Type 2 Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Trial
- Bromocriptine quick-release as adjunct therapy in youth and adults with type 1 diabetes: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Trial
- Growth differentiation factor 15 is not associated with glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin: a post-hoc analysis of AIM study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2022Trial
- Effect of metformin on the high-density lipoprotein proteome in youth with type 1 diabetes.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2021Trial
- Two-Year Treatment With Metformin During Puberty Does Not Preserve β-Cell Function in Youth With Obesity.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Trial
- Precision and accuracy of hyperglycemic clamps in a multicenter study.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Trial
- Effects of Metformin Added to Insulin in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: An Exploratory Crossover Randomized Trial.Journal of diabetes research · 2020Trial
- Identification of Different Age-at-Diagnosis-Based Endotypes and Clinical Phenotypes in a Cohort of Adult Patients Diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- The Bidirectional Relationship Between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Metformin in skin diseases: the role of gut microbiota and immune response.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Review
- Plasma metformin concentration as a determinant of metabolic response in adults with type 1 diabetes: a 1-year prospective observational study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Botany, Ethnomedicinal Uses, Biological Activities, Phytochemistry, and Technological Applications ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Islet Tissue Macrophages in Immunity Homeostasis and Type 1 Diabetes.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Concepts and Implications for Therapy.Journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Relevance.Endocrine reviews · 2025Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextType 1 diabetes in adolescence is characterized by insulin deficiency and insulin resistance (IR), both thought to increase cardiovascular disease risk. We previously demonstrated that adolescents with type 1 diabetes have adipose, hepatic, and muscle IR, and that metformin lowers daily insulin dose, suggesting improved IR. However, whether metformin improves IR in muscle, hepatic, or adipose tissues in type 1 diabetes was unknown.
objectiveMeasure peripheral, hepatic, and adipose insulin sensitivity before and after metformin or placebo therapy in youth with obesity with type 1 diabetes.
designDouble-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
settingMulti-center at eight sites of the T1D Exchange Clinic Network.
participantsA subset of 12- to 19-year-olds with type 1 diabetes (inclusion criteria: body mass index ≥85th percentile, HbA1c 7.5% to 9.9%, insulin dosing ≥0.8 U/kg/d) from a larger trial (NCT02045290) were enrolled.
interventionParticipants were randomized to 3 months of metformin (N = 19) or placebo (N = 18) and underwent a three-phase hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with glucose and glycerol isotope tracers to assess tissue-specific IR before and after treatment.
main outcome measuresPeripheral insulin sensitivity, endogenous glucose release, rate of lipolysis.
resultsBetween-group differences in change in insulin sensitivity favored metformin regarding whole-body IR [change in glucose infusion rate 1.3 (0.1, 2.4) mg/kg/min, P = 0.03] and peripheral IR [change in metabolic clearance rate 0.923 (-0.002, 1.867) dL/kg/min, P = 0.05]. Metformin did not impact insulin suppression of endogenous glucose release (P = 0.12). Adipose IR was not assessable with traditional methods in this highly IR population.
conclusionsMetformin appears to improve whole-body and peripheral IR in youth who are overweight/obese with type 1 diabetes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.