SynthesisAnnals of internal medicine2019
Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in White Coat Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Annals of internal medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying optimal primary prevention interventions for major cardiovascular disease events and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and hierarchical network meta-analysis of RCTs.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
- Assessing robustness to worst case publication bias using a simple subset meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2024Pooled it
- Perspectives and Experiences of Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure Among Patients With Hypertension: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies.American journal of hypertension · 2023Pooled it
- Telemonitoring of Real-World Health Data in Cardiology: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Masked and white coat hypertension, the double trouble of large arteries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2020Pooled it
- Cardiovascular Alterations and Management of Patients With White Coat Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Virtual Reality Reduces Office Blood Pressure and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: Enhanced Response among Those With a Pronounced White Coat Response.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2026Trial
- Effects of reduced sedentary time on resting, exercise and post-exercise blood pressure in inactive adults with metabolic syndrome - a six-month exploratory RCT.Journal of human hypertension · 2024Trial
- Antihypertensive drug treatment in white-coat hypertension: data from the Plaque HYpertension Lipid-Lowering Italian Study.Journal of hypertension · 2022Trial
- Subtypes of Hypertension 2 to 7 Years After First Pregnancy.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Observational
- Importance of Hypercortisolism in BP Control, Cardiovascular Risk and in Patients With Difficult-to-Control Hypertension: An Overview for Primary Care Physicians.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Recognition, treatment, and control of hypertension in the Danish population-based Lolland-Falster Health Study.European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Home Blood Pressure Phenotypes and Cardiovascular Remodeling in Hemodialysis.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Short-Term 24-h Systolic Blood Pressure Variability and Subclinical Target-Organ Damage in White-Coat Hypertension: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Vascular health and risk management · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- Novel pharmacological approaches to lowering blood pressure and managing hypertension.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2025Review
- The impact of modifiable risk factor reduction on future dementia burden: a microsimulation modeling study.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- An Updated Meta-analysis of White Coat Hypertension and Mortality.Journal of human hypertension · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: The long-term cardiovascular risk of isolated elevated office blood pressure (BP) is unclear. Purpose: To summarize the risk for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality associated with untreated white coat hypertension (WCH) and treated white coat effect (WCE). Data Sources: PubMed and EMBASE, without language restriction, from inception to December 2018. Study Selection: Observational studies with at least 3 years of follow-up evaluating the cardiovascular risk of WCH or WCE compared with normotension. Data Extraction: 2 investigators independently extracted study data and assessed study quality. Data Synthesis: 27 studies were included, comprising 25 786 participants with untreated WCH or treated WCE and 38 487 with normal BP followed for a mean of 3 to 19 years. Compared with normotension, untreated WCH was associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events (hazard ratio [HR], 1.36 [95% CI, 1.03 to 2.00]), all-cause mortality (HR, 1.33 [CI, 1.07 to 1.67]), and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.09 [CI, 1.23 to 4.48]); the risk for WCH was attenuated in studies that included stroke in the definition of cardiovascular events (HR, 1.26 [CI, 1.00 to 1.54]). No significant association was found between treated WCE and cardiovascular events (HR, 1.12 [CI, 0.91 to 1.39]), all-cause mortality (HR, 1.11 [CI, 0.89 to 1.46]), or cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.04 [CI, 0.65 to 1.66]). The findings persisted across several sensitivity analyses. Limitation: Paucity of studies evaluating isolated cardiac outcomes or reporting participant race/ethnicity. Conclusion: Untreated WCH, but not treated WCE, is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Out-of-office BP monitoring is critical in the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Primary Funding Source: National Institutes of Health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.