Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36129996›Full record

Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2022

Glycemia Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes - Glycemic Outcomes.

GRADE Study Research Group, David M Nathan, John M Lachin, Ashok Balasubramanyam, Henry B Burch, John B Buse, Nicole M Butera, Robert M Cohen, Jill P Crandall, Steven E Kahn and 6 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract readComparative StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It reports registered trial NCT01794143. Cited by 120 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
120citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
27.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01794143 phase3completed

Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study

Ran2013Enrolled7,850Registered outcomes4Posted comparisons0ConditionsComparative Effectiveness of Glycemia-lowering Medications, Type 2 DiabetesArmsDPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin), GLP-1 receptor agonist (liraglutide), Insulin (glargine), Sulfonylurea (glimepiride)
PMID 38285957PMID 37213109PMID 38194519PMID 38416773PMID 39998948PMID 38227900PMID 40388190PMID 38190625PMID 38190619PMID 38211595PMID 32139384PMID 23690531other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

120 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 206 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. The effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on renal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2026
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60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

GRADE Study Research Group
David M NathanFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
John M LachinFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Ashok BalasubramanyamFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Henry B BurchFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
John B BuseFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).ORCID 0000-0002-9723-3876
Nicole M ButeraFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Robert M CohenFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Jill P CrandallFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Steven E KahnFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Heidi Krause-SteinraufFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Mary E LarkinFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Neda RasouliFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Margaret TiktinFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Deborah J WexlerFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
Naji YounesFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., N.M.B., H.K.-S., N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (A.B.); the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B.); the Cincinnati Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (R.M.C.); the Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (J.P.C.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and the VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System - both in Aurora (N.R.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M.T.).
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases · US

Funding

Continuation of the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness (GRADE) StudyU01DK098246 · NIDDK · GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Heidi Krause-Steinrauf, JOHN M LACHIN · 2021 to 2022
$21.0M
Vector and Transgenic Mouse CoreP30DK017047 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · 1986 to 2025
$12.6M
Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (VICTR)UL1TR002243 · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · 2025 to 2025
$10.7M
Washington University Institute of Clinical and Translational SciencesUL1TR002345 · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · 2025 to 2025
$9.3M
Georgia Clinical & Translational Science Alliance (Georgia CTSA)UL1TR002378 · EMORY UNIVERSITY · 2025 to 2025
$9.3M
Pilot and Feasibility ProgramP30DK020572 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · 2022 to 2025
$4.9M
Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science CenterU54GM104940 · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · 2025 to 2025
$3.9M
NYR-Diabetes Research Center (NYR-DRC)P30DK020541 · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · 2025 to 2025
$2.4M
Pilot and Feasibility ProgramP30DK072476 · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · 2005 to 2025
$2.2M
Pilot & Feasibility ProgramP30DK124723 · WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · 2025 to 2025
$1.6M
UAB Diabetes Research CenterP30DK079626 · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · 2025 to 2025
$1.3M
New York Regional Center for Diabetes Translation ResearchP30DK111022 · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE · 2025 to 2025
$810k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000170NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000439NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000445NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001102NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001108NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001409NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001425NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001449NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002243NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002378NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002489NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002529NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002535NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002537NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002541NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002548NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002556NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK017047NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK020541NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK020572NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK072476NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK079626NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK092926NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK111022NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK124723NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK098246NIDDK NIH HHS U01DK098246NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK119083NIDDK NIH HHS U34 DK088043NIDDK NIH HHS U34DK088043NIGMS NIH HHS U54 GM104940
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe comparative effectiveness of glucose-lowering medications for use with metformin to maintain target glycated hemoglobin levels in persons with type 2 diabetes is uncertain.

methodsIn this trial involving participants with type 2 diabetes of less than 10 years' duration who were receiving metformin and had glycated hemoglobin levels of 6.8 to 8.5%, we compared the effectiveness of four commonly used glucose-lowering medications. We randomly assigned participants to receive insulin glargine U-100 (hereafter, glargine), the sulfonylurea glimepiride, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide, or sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor. The primary metabolic outcome was a glycated hemoglobin level, measured quarterly, of 7.0% or higher that was subsequently confirmed, and the secondary metabolic outcome was a confirmed glycated hemoglobin level greater than 7.5%.

resultsA total of 5047 participants (19.8% Black and 18.6% Hispanic or Latinx) who had received metformin for type 2 diabetes were followed for a mean of 5.0 years. The cumulative incidence of a glycated hemoglobin level of 7.0% or higher (the primary metabolic outcome) differed significantly among the four groups (P<0.001 for a global test of differences across groups); the rates with glargine (26.5 per 100 participant-years) and liraglutide (26.1) were similar and lower than those with glimepiride (30.4) and sitagliptin (38.1). The differences among the groups with respect to a glycated hemoglobin level greater than 7.5% (the secondary outcome) paralleled those of the primary outcome. There were no material differences with respect to the primary outcome across prespecified subgroups defined according to sex, age, or race or ethnic group; however, among participants with higher baseline glycated hemoglobin levels there appeared to be an even greater benefit with glargine, liraglutide, and glimepiride than with sitagliptin. Severe hypoglycemia was rare but significantly more frequent with glimepiride (in 2.2% of the participants) than with glargine (1.3%), liraglutide (1.0%), or sitagliptin (0.7%). Participants who received liraglutide reported more frequent gastrointestinal side effects and lost more weight than those in the other treatment groups.

conclusionsAll four medications, when added to metformin, decreased glycated hemoglobin levels. However, glargine and liraglutide were significantly, albeit modestly, more effective in achieving and maintaining target glycated hemoglobin levels. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others; GRADE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01794143.).

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsComparative Effectiveness ResearchDipeptidyl-Peptidase IV InhibitorsDrug Therapy, CombinationGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 ReceptorGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHumansInsulin GlargineLiraglutideMetforminSitagliptin PhosphateSulfonylurea CompoundsTreatment OutcomeBlood GlucoseDipeptidyl-Peptidase IV InhibitorsglimepirideGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 ReceptorGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin GlargineLiraglutideMetforminSitagliptin PhosphateSulfonylurea Compounds

Identifiers

PMID36129996
PMCPMC9829320
OpenAlexW4296702771

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.