SynthesisInternational journal of obesity (2005)2023
Efficacy and safety of the dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide for weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in International journal of obesity (2005), 2023. The graph read 4 numbers from its abstract, feeding 2 cells of the map: it supports the treatment in 2. Cited by 27 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
Ratios
Adverse events were more common with tirzepatide with respect to nausea (OR 4.2; 95% CI 2.4, 7.5; p < 0.001), vomiting (OR 7.0; 95% CI 4.3, 11.4; p < 0.001), and diarrhea (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.6, 4.9; p < 0.001) (15 mg dose), when compared with placebo.
Adverse events were more common with tirzepatide with respect to nausea (OR 4.2; 95% CI 2.4, 7.5; p < 0.001), vomiting (OR 7.0; 95% CI 4.3, 11.4; p < 0.001), and diarrhea (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.6, 4.9; p < 0.001) (15 mg dose), when compared with placebo.
Adverse events were more common with tirzepatide with respect to nausea (OR 4.2; 95% CI 2.4, 7.5; p < 0.001), vomiting (OR 7.0; 95% CI 4.3, 11.4; p < 0.001), and diarrhea (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.6, 4.9; p < 0.001) (15 mg dose), when compared with placebo.
Differences
Pooled analysis showed that tirzepatide 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg were more effective than placebo, with MD in body weight of -7.7 kg (95% CI -11.0, -4.4; p < 0.001), -11.6 kg (95% CI -18.8, -4.3; p = 0.002), and -11.8 kg (95% CI -17.4, -6.2; p < 0.001), respectively, and MD in percent change in weight of -8.1% (95% CI -11.0, -5.2; p < 0.001), -11.9% (95% CI -18.1, -5.6; p < 0.001), and -12.4% (95% CI -17.2, -7.5; p < 0.001), respectively.
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Where it lands on the map
Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.
What it adds to each cell
For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.
GIP/GLP-1 & amylin agonists×adverse events & safety
SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →4 readable studies in this cell: 2 favour the treatment, 2 find no difference, 0 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
GIP/GLP-1 & amylin agonists×body weight & composition
SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →29 readable studies in this cell: 28 favour the treatment, 1 find no difference, 0 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2026Guideline
- Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide on Weight Loss in Patients Without Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
- The quantity, quality and findings of network meta-analyses evaluating the effectiveness of GLP-1 RAs for weight loss: a scoping review.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Weight Loss Efficacy of Tirzepatide Compared to Placebo or GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Adults With Obesity or Overweight: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With ≥ 20 Weeks Treatment Duration.Journal of obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide versus placebo in overweight or obese adults without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2024Pooled it
- Obesity pharmacotherapy reimagined: The era of multi-receptor agonists and next-generation metabolic modulators, perspectives and controversies.Metabolism open · 2026Review
- Obesity and Weight Management in HIV: Epidemiology, Complications, and Emerging Treatments.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Tirzepatide, Semaglutide, and Liraglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity without Diabetes: A Comparative Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- National Utilization and Expenditure Trends of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual GLP-1/GIP Agonist in Croatia, 2017-2024.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Article
- Nutrition and Aging Biology: Summary of a Research Centers Collaborative Network Workshop and Research Needs.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- The Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide in Patients with Diabetes and/or Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Impact of Digital Engagement on Weight Loss Outcomes in Obesity Management Among Individuals Using GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist Therapy: Retrospective Cohort Service Evaluation Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Weight Reduction with GLP-1 Agonists and Paths for Discontinuation While Maintaining Weight Loss.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Single and Combined Impact of Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, and Metformin on β-Cell Maintenance and Function Under High-Glucose-High-Lipid Conditions: A Comparative Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Potential Use of GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Respiratory Disorders: Where Are We at?Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Mitigating Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Using GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT2 Inhibitors: Hype or Hope?Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Review
- An integrative framework to prioritize genes in more than 500 loci associated with body mass index.American journal of human genetics · 2024Article
- Beyond continuous positive airway pressure for cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.
objectivesTirzepatide is a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes. We performed a meta-analysis to assess tirzepatide's weight reduction efficacy and safety.
methodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane for randomized controlled trials published from inception to July 2022, comparing tirzepatide with placebo for the co-primary endpoints of absolute and percent change in weight. Mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated for continuous and binary outcomes, respectively. Review Manager 5.4.1 and RStudio were used for the statistical analysis, and RoB-2 (Cochrane) to assess the risk of bias.
resultsOf 397 search results, 6 studies (4036 participants) ranging from 12 to 72 weeks were included. Pooled analysis showed that tirzepatide 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg were more effective than placebo, with MD in body weight of -7.7 kg (95% CI -11.0, -4.4; p < 0.001), -11.6 kg (95% CI -18.8, -4.3; p = 0.002), and -11.8 kg (95% CI -17.4, -6.2; p < 0.001), respectively, and MD in percent change in weight of -8.1% (95% CI -11.0, -5.2; p < 0.001), -11.9% (95% CI -18.1, -5.6; p < 0.001), and -12.4% (95% CI -17.2, -7.5; p < 0.001), respectively. Tirzepatide also reduced BMI and waist circumference. Adverse events were more common with tirzepatide with respect to nausea (OR 4.2; 95% CI 2.4, 7.5; p < 0.001), vomiting (OR 7.0; 95% CI 4.3, 11.4; p < 0.001), and diarrhea (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.6, 4.9; p < 0.001) (15 mg dose), when compared with placebo.
conclusionsThe results support that tirzepatide leads to substantial weight reduction and constitutes a valuable therapeutic option for weight management, despite an increase in gastrointestinal symptoms. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: CRD42022348576.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.