SynthesisJournal of diabetes2025
Sex Differences in the Efficacy of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of diabetes, 2025. The graph read 6 numbers from its abstract, feeding 1 cell of the map: it favours the comparator in 1. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The meta-analysis showed that females lost more weight than males (MD 1.04 kg [95% CIs 0.70-1.38]; MD 1.69% [95% CI 0.78-2.61]).
The meta-analysis showed that females lost more weight than males (MD 1.04 kg [95% CIs 0.70-1.38]; MD 1.69% [95% CI 0.78-2.61]).
Dulaglutide (MD 0.88 kg [95% CIs 0.63-1.12]) and semaglutide (MD 1.04 kg [95% CIs 0.45-1.63]) showed statistically significant differences in weight reduction between males and females.
Subgroup analysis demonstrated that indications for weight reduction increased the gender difference in weight reduction (MD 4.21 kg [95% CIs 1.75-6.67]).
The pooled results of GLP-1RAs indicated similar results (MD 0.88 kg [95% CIs 0.67-1.09]).
Dulaglutide (MD 0.88 kg [95% CIs 0.63-1.12]) and semaglutide (MD 1.04 kg [95% CIs 0.45-1.63]) showed statistically significant differences in weight reduction between males and females.
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Where it lands on the map
Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.
What it adds to each cell
For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.
GLP-1 receptor agonists×body weight & composition
ContradictsOpen on the map →What to test next →40 readable studies in this cell: 83 favour the treatment, 15 find no difference, 11 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- GLP-1 therapies and hair loss: A systematic review of current evidence and implications for counseling.Science progressPooled it
- Semaglutide 25 mg Oral Versus Semaglutide 2.4 mg Injectable: An Indirect Treatment Comparison of Weight Loss Outcomes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Causes and consequences of discontinuation of GLP1RAs or tirzepatide.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Nationwide Real-World Retrospective Study of Oral Semaglutide Use in Adults Living With Type 2 Diabetes in Finland.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Real-World Use of Subsidised Semaglutide in Icelandic Children With Obesity: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.Pediatric obesity · 2026Article
- Semaglutide in Adolescents Living With Obesity: A Real-World Data Study Exploring Predictors of Treatment Response.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Oral Semaglutide 25 mg Versus Orforglipron 36 mg in Obesity: A Population-Adjusted Indirect Treatment Comparison.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Influence of Biological Sex on Metabolic and Adipokine Responses after Metabolic-Bariatric Surgery: A Narrative Review.Current obesity reports · 2026Review
- Higher-Protein Nutrition and Concurrent Exercise in Obesity: A Narrative Review of Body Composition, Metabolic Health, and Physical Function.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Indirect Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Oral Semaglutide for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Sex differences in cardiovascular‑kidney‑metabolic syndrome: From pathogenesis to treatment response (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Sex-Specific and Reproductive Status-Dependent Effects of Liraglutide on Metabolic Disorders Associated with Prediabetes.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Insulin and Incretin Receptor Agonists Reciprocally Alter Their Blood-Brain Barrier Permeabilities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Multidimensional Predictors of Tirzepatide Efficacy: Clinical, Genetic, and Molecular Biomarkers for Glycemic, Weight, and Organ Protection.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Prescribing of GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Other Glucose-Lowering Drugs Requiring Special Caution in Elderly Japanese People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Preliminary Report.Journal of clinical medicine research · 2026Article
- Real-world prescribing patterns and early weight and blood pressure outcomes of GLP-1-based therapies: a retrospective observational study in the United Arab Emirates.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Observational
- GLP-1 at the Metabolic-Cognitive Interface: Reward, Affect, and Memory.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Review
- Impact of Semaglutide as Weight Management Medication on Clinical Parameters and Health-Related Quality of Life: A Single-Center Study from Saudi Arabia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.
aimTo verify sex differences of GLP-1RAs for weight reduction.
methodsWe searched RCTs reporting weight change by sex from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials registries. Meta-regression was performed to evaluate the association between weight reduction and sex differences. Subgroup analyses were stratified by individual GLP-1RA medications, dose, treatment duration, indication, type of control, background treatment, and baseline weight. The study protocol was registered (CRD42023480167).
resultsFourteen studies covering dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide, and retatrutide were included in this study. The meta-analysis showed that females lost more weight than males (MD 1.04 kg [95% CIs 0.70-1.38]; MD 1.69% [95% CI 0.78-2.61]). The pooled results of GLP-1RAs indicated similar results (MD 0.88 kg [95% CIs 0.67-1.09]). Meta-regression illustrated that substantial weight reduction was significantly relevant to greater gender differences (β = -0.19 [95% CIs -0.29 to -0.09]). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that indications for weight reduction increased the gender difference in weight reduction (MD 4.21 kg [95% CIs 1.75-6.67]). Background treatment, dose, duration of treatment, baseline weight, and type of control had no subgroup differences in the sex difference in weight reduction of GLP-1RAs. Dulaglutide (MD 0.88 kg [95% CIs 0.63-1.12]) and semaglutide (MD 1.04 kg [95% CIs 0.45-1.63]) showed statistically significant differences in weight reduction between males and females. No gender difference was observed in the exenatide subgroup analysis.
conclusionsFemales lost more weight than males when treated with GLP-1RAs for weight reduction. The sex difference in weight reduction became more pronounced as the degree of weight reduction increased. Indications for obesity could magnify this sex difference.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.