SynthesisScientific reports2025
Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists in the treatment of T2DM: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph read 9 numbers from its abstract, feeding 4 cells of the map, but none could be read as for or against, so it casts no vote. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
Read, but not usablea number the graph found but could not read as for or against
Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
Tirzepatide (MD: -9.1 kg), semaglutide (MD: -2.8 kg) and liraglutide (MD: -1.2 kg) (P<0.05) had significant reduction in body weight compared to placebo.
Tirzepatide (MD: -9.1 kg), semaglutide (MD: -2.8 kg) and liraglutide (MD: -1.2 kg) (P<0.05) had significant reduction in body weight compared to placebo.
Tirzepatide (MD: -9.1 kg), semaglutide (MD: -2.8 kg) and liraglutide (MD: -1.2 kg) (P<0.05) had significant reduction in body weight compared to placebo.
Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05).
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Where it lands on the map
Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.
What it adds to each cell
For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.
GIP/GLP-1 & amylin agonists×glycemic control
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →24 readable studies in this cell: 21 favour the treatment, 3 find no difference, 0 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
GIP/GLP-1 & amylin agonists×body weight & composition
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →29 readable studies in this cell: 28 favour the treatment, 1 find no difference, 0 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
GLP-1 receptor agonists×glycemic control
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →40 readable studies in this cell: 96 favour the treatment, 17 find no difference, 10 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
GLP-1 receptor agonists×body weight & composition
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →40 readable studies in this cell: 83 favour the treatment, 15 find no difference, 11 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Injection-site and dermatologic reactions associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: Insights from meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and real-world evidence.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of semaglutide-associated kidney injury case reports.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Hair Loss in Patients on Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: Understanding Risks and Managing Outcomes.Dermatology and therapy · 2026Review
- Balancing the benefits and risks of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a clinical guide for shared decision-making.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Review
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Heart Failure: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Future Perspectives.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Temporal Trends and Future Projections of P ulmonary Embolism and Top Contributing Causes of death in the United States, 1968-2040: insights from the CDC WONDER database.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2026Article
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improve hepatic histology and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes with MASLD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Real-World Comparison of Short-Term Adverse Events, Treatment Persistence, and Efficacy of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide: A Nationwide Multicenter Study.Obesity facts · 2026Article
- The context-dependent roles of PPAR-γ in adipocyte differentiation and obesity: a master regulator with dual functions.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of interaction between type 2 diabetes and psychological disorders and therapeutic interventions: a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Metabolic Improvement Mediates the Causal Relationship Between GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Myocardial Infarction: A Mendelian Randomization and Mediation Analysis Study.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Neurobiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Binge Eating Disorder: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Research progress on oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Comparative impact of different weight loss strategies on obstructive sleep apnea: an integrated review of surgical, pharmacological, and lifestyle interventions.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.
To compare efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Electronic databases were searched from inception to 2nd October 2024 for randomised controlled trials comparing GLP-1RAs treating T2DM. Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to analyze metabolic and safety outcomes. 64 trials comprising of 25,572 participants were identified. Compared to placebo, tirzepatide showed the greatest reduction in HbA1-c (MD: -2.3%) and FPG (MD: -3.1mmol/L); semaglutide was second (HbA1-c: MD: -1.5%; FPG: MD: -2mmol/L); liraglutide was third (HbA1-c: MD: -1.2% FPG: MD: -1.6mmol/L) (P<0.05). All treatments showed no statistically significant differences in BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C compared to placebo. Tirzepatide (MD: -9.1 kg), semaglutide (MD: -2.8 kg) and liraglutide (MD: -1.2 kg) (P<0.05) had significant reduction in body weight compared to placebo. GLP-1 RAs had higher risk of gastrointestinal symptoms. Semaglutide increased the risk of hypoglycemia compared to placebo while liraglutide reduced the risk of hypoglycemia compared to traditional antidiabetic drugs. GLP-1RAs improve glycaemic control, with tirzepatide, semaglutide and liraglutide exhibiting the most significant improvements. Tirzepatide is more suitable for treating T2DM with obesity. For individuals with normal weight, both semaglutide and liraglutide are generally more effective for treating T2DM. However, considering the potential for semaglutide to cause hypoglycemia, liraglutide may be the optimal choice for T2DM treatment to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.