SynthesisMedicine2026

GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Nehad Ahmad, Abdulaziz Alruwayyes, Amer Alarjani, Abdulelah Tawhari, Abdulaziz Aldosri, Abdullah Alahmari, Mohamed Balaha

Abstract readSystematic ReviewNetwork Meta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Medicine, 2026. The graph read 1 number from its abstract, feeding 1 cell of the map: it supports the treatment in 1. Cited by 5 papers.

1number the graph read from it
1cell of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

← favours the comparatorfavours the treatment →
24101 · no effect
Body weight & compositionfavours the treatment · against placebo · obesityfeeds one cell of the map
OR 11.48.10 to 16.0P < .0001
Across 16 placebo-controlled trials, a higher proportion of participants achieved weight loss with GLP- 1-based agents than with placebo: 78.54% (3231/4114) versus 26.53% (772/2910); pooled odds ratio: 11.37 (95% confidence interval: 8.10-15.98), P < .0001; I2 = 82%.

clause the extractor read what became the number

2 · Its place on the map

Where it lands on the map

Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.

supports the treatmentfavours the comparatorno clear differenceread, but no usable result
3 · What it changes

What it adds to each cell

For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.

GLP-1 receptor agonists×body weight & composition

SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →

40 readable studies in this cell: 83 favour the treatment, 15 find no difference, 11 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.90replicated · 64 families support, 7 contradict · against placebo
Without itNot a counted family in this claim, so removing it changes nothing.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
0 · no effect
NCT012722193,731 enrolled · 2011
Δ -5.39-5.82 to -4.95
Δ -17.3-18.1 to -16.6
NCT017204463,297 enrolled · 2013
Δ -2.95-3.47 to -2.44
NCT035489351,961 enrolled · 2018
Δ -12.4-13.4 to -11.5
NCT039879191,879 enrolled · 2019
Δ -1.70-2.60 to -0.70
NCT026078651,864 enrolled · 2016
Δ -2.50-3.00 to -2.00
NCT056467061,407 enrolled · 2023
Δ -14.8-16.2 to -13.4
NCT018365231,398 enrolled · 2013
Δ -4.90-5.65 to -4.16
NCT035527571,210 enrolled · 2018
Δ -6.21-7.28 to -5.15
NCT007344741,202 enrolled · 2008
Δ -1.50-2.08 to -0.92
Δ -10.4-11.2 to -9.50
NCT020581471,170 enrolled · 2014
Δ 14.38.37 to 20.3

This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.

4 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

5 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
6 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

7 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Nehad AhmadDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0003-4215-6225
Abdulaziz AlruwayyesCollege of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
Amer AlarjaniCollege of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulelah TawhariCollege of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulaziz AldosriCollege of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
Abdullah AlahmariDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
Mohamed BalahaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-0295-4460

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

8 · The paper itself

Abstract

The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.

backgroundObesity is a complex condition marked by excessive body fat, linked to comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, initially developed for diabetes, are increasingly used for weight management.

methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (PubMed, last 5 years, English language) evaluating GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies versus placebo or active comparators for weight loss. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants achieving any weight loss during follow-up. Pooled odds ratios were estimated using a fixed-effect model with 95% confidence intervals; heterogeneity was quantified with I2. A frequentist network meta-analysis generated SUCRA rankings. This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. No protocol was registered.

resultsTwenty-one trials met the inclusion criteria (n = 7024 in pairwise analyses). Across 16 placebo-controlled trials, a higher proportion of participants achieved weight loss with GLP- 1-based agents than with placebo: 78.54% (3231/4114) versus 26.53% (772/2910); pooled odds ratio: 11.37 (95% confidence interval: 8.10-15.98), P < .0001; I2 = 82%. In the network meta-analysis, tirzepatide and semaglutide ranked highest (surface under the cumulative ranking curve 91.2% and 85.4%, respectively).

conclusionGLP-1 receptor agonists significantly increase the likelihood of weight loss versus placebo, with tirzepatide and semaglutide demonstrating the greatest relative efficacy among agents evaluated. These findings support GLP-1-based therapy as an effective component of clinical obesity management.

Indexed as

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsObesityWeight LossAnti-Obesity AgentsGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 ReceptorHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicSemaglutideTirzepatideAnti-Obesity AgentsGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 ReceptorGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsSemaglutideTirzepatideGLP-1 agonistsobesityweight loss

Identifiers

PMID41824845
PMCPMC12991648

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.