Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36129997›Full record

Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2022

Glycemia Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes - Microvascular and Cardiovascular Outcomes.

GRADE Study Research Group, David M Nathan, John M Lachin, Ionut Bebu, Henry B Burch, John B Buse, Andrea L Cherrington, Stephen P Fortmann, Jennifer B Green, Steven E Kahn and 10 more

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract readComparative StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It reports registered trial NCT01794143. Cited by 90 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
90citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
19.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01794143 phase3completed

Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study

Ran2013Enrolled7,850Registered outcomes4Posted comparisons0ConditionsComparative Effectiveness of Glycemia-lowering Medications, Type 2 DiabetesArmsDPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin), GLP-1 receptor agonist (liraglutide), Insulin (glargine), Sulfonylurea (glimepiride)
PMID 38285957PMID 37213109PMID 38194519PMID 38416773PMID 39998948PMID 38227900PMID 40388190PMID 38190625PMID 38190619PMID 38211595PMID 32139384PMID 23690531other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

90 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 143 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Guideline
  2. Pooled it
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  4. Guideline
  5. Pooled it
  6. Trial
  7. Trial
  8. Trial
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  15. Glycemia Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes - Glycemic Outcomes.The New England journal of medicine · 2022 · on this map
    Trial
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Glycemic response trajectories on metformin monotherapy in real-world diabetes care.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article

30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

GRADE Study Research Group
David M NathanFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
John M LachinFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Ionut BebuFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Henry B BurchFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
John B BuseFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).ORCID 0000-0002-9723-3876
Andrea L CherringtonFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Stephen P FortmannFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Jennifer B GreenFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Steven E KahnFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
M Sue KirkmanFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Heidi Krause-SteinraufFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Mary E LarkinFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Lawrence S PhillipsFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Rodica Pop-BusuiFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Michael SteffesFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Margaret TiktinFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Mark TripputiFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
Deborah J WexlerFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).ORCID 0000-0001-6979-402X
Naji YounesFrom the Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston (D.M.N., M.E.L., D.J.W.); the Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Rockville (J.M.L., I.B., H.K.-S., M. Tripputi, N.Y.), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (H.B.B.) - both in Maryland; the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K.), and the Department of Medicine, Duke Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (J.B.G.) - both in North Carolina; the University of Alabama, Birmingham (A.L.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (S.P.F.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle (S.E.K.); the Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (L.S.P.); the Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.P.-B.); the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (M.S.); and the Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland (M. Tiktin).
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases · US

Funding

Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A comparative effectiveness studyU01DK098246 · NIDDK · GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI KRAUSE-STEINRAUF, HEIDI, LACHIN, JOHN M · 2012 to 2022
$238.9M
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6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundData are lacking on the comparative effectiveness of commonly used glucose-lowering medications, when added to metformin, with respect to microvascular and cardiovascular disease outcomes in persons with type 2 diabetes.

methodsWe assessed the comparative effectiveness of four commonly used glucose-lowering medications, added to metformin, in achieving and maintaining a glycated hemoglobin level of less than 7.0% in participants with type 2 diabetes. The randomly assigned therapies were insulin glargine U-100 (hereafter, glargine), glimepiride, liraglutide, and sitagliptin. Prespecified secondary outcomes with respect to microvascular and cardiovascular disease included hypertension and dyslipidemia, confirmed moderately or severely increased albuminuria or an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m

resultsDuring a mean 5.0 years of follow-up in 5047 participants, there were no material differences among the interventions with respect to the development of hypertension or dyslipidemia or with respect to microvascular outcomes; the mean overall rate (i.e., events per 100 participant-years) of moderately increased albuminuria levels was 2.6, of severely increased albuminuria levels 1.1, of renal impairment 2.9, and of diabetic peripheral neuropathy 16.7. The treatment groups did not differ with respect to MACE (overall rate, 1.0), hospitalization for heart failure (0.4), death from cardiovascular causes (0.3), or all deaths (0.6). There were small differences with respect to rates of any cardiovascular disease, with 1.9, 1.9, 1.4, and 2.0 in the glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, and sitagliptin groups, respectively. When one treatment was compared with the combined results of the other three treatments, the hazard ratios for any cardiovascular disease were 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 1.3) in the glargine group, 1.1 (95% CI, 0.9 to 1.4) in the glimepiride group, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.6 to 0.9) in the liraglutide group, and 1.2 (95% CI, 1.0 to 1.5) in the sitagliptin group.

conclusionsIn participants with type 2 diabetes, the incidences of microvascular complications and death were not materially different among the four treatment groups. The findings indicated possible differences among the groups in the incidence of any cardiovascular disease. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others; GRADE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01794143.).

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesDiabetes ComplicationsDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsMetforminAlbuminuriaBlood GlucoseComparative Effectiveness ResearchDiabetic NeuropathiesDrug Therapy, CombinationDyslipidemiasGlomerular Filtration RateHeart FailureHumansHypertensionBlood GlucoseglimepirideGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsInsulin GlargineLiraglutideMetforminSitagliptin PhosphateSulfonylurea Compounds

Identifiers

PMID36129997
PMCPMC9832916
OpenAlexW4296702407

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.