Evidence map›GLP-1 receptor agonists × body weight & composition›PMID 27005405›Full record

Trial reportInternational journal of obesity (2005)2016

Effect of liraglutide 3.0 mg in individuals with obesity and moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea: the SCALE Sleep Apnea randomized clinical trial.

A Blackman, G D Foster, G Zammit, R Rosenberg, L Aronne, T Wadden, B Claudius, C B Jensen, E Mignot

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · hybridAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in International journal of obesity (2005), 2016. The graph read 1 number from its abstract, feeding 1 cell of the map: it supports the treatment in 1. It reports registered trial NCT01557166. Cited by 232 papers, 30 of them syntheses that pooled it.

1number the graph read from it
1cell of the map it votes in
232citing papers in PubMed, 30 pooled it
17.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
-5.200 · no effect
Mean percentage weight lossliraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebofavours the treatment · obesityfeeds one cell of the map
Δ -4.20-5.20 to -3.10P<0.0001
Liraglutide produced greater mean percentage weight loss compared with placebo (-5.7% vs -1.6%, estimated treatment difference: -4.2% (95% CI, -5.2 to -3.1%), P<0.0001).
FeedsGLP-1 receptor agonists×body weight & composition

clause the extractor read what became the number

2 · Its place on the map

Where it lands on the map

Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.

supports the treatmentfavours the comparatorno clear differenceread, but no usable result
3 · What it changes

What it adds to each cell

For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.

GLP-1 receptor agonists×body weight & composition

SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →

40 readable studies in this cell: 83 favour the treatment, 15 find no difference, 11 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.90replicated · 64 families support, 7 contradict · against placebo
Without it
0.90This paper does not move the number.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
0 · no effect
This paper · 2016
Δ -4.20-5.20 to -3.10
NCT012722193,731 enrolled · 2011
Δ -5.39-5.82 to -4.95
Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight …PMID 40544433 · 3,400 enrolled · 2022
Δ -17.3-18.1 to -16.6
NCT017204463,297 enrolled · 2013
Δ -2.95-3.47 to -2.44
NCT035489351,961 enrolled · 2018
Δ -12.4-13.4 to -11.5
NCT039879191,879 enrolled · 2019
Δ -1.70-2.60 to -0.70
NCT026078651,864 enrolled · 2016
Δ -2.50-3.00 to -2.00
NCT056467061,407 enrolled · 2023
Δ -14.8-16.2 to -13.4
NCT018365231,398 enrolled · 2013
Δ -4.90-5.65 to -4.16
NCT035527571,210 enrolled · 2018
Δ -6.21-7.28 to -5.15
NCT007344741,202 enrolled · 2008
Δ -1.50-2.08 to -0.92
Cagrilintide-Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type…PMID 40544432 · 1,200 enrolled · 2023
Δ -10.4-11.2 to -9.50
NCT020581471,170 enrolled · 2014
Δ 14.38.37 to 20.3
4 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01557166 phase3completed

Effect of Liraglutide in Obese Subjects With Moderate or Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnoea. A 32 Week Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group, Multi-centre and Multinational Trial

Ran2012Enrolled359Registered outcomes4Posted comparisons1ConditionsMetabolism and Nutrition Disorder, Obesity, Obstructive Sleep ApnoeaArmsliraglutide, Placebo
PMID 27482610PMID 28473337PMID 27817208PMID 28950422PMID 28386912other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
NCT03341429 phase4completedstarted 2018, after this paper: background citation

BARI-OPTIMISE: a Double-blinded, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Trial of Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Patients With Poor Weight-loss and a Suboptimal Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Response Following Bariatric Surgery

Ran2018Enrolled70Registered outcomes18Posted comparisons0ConditionsObesityArmsLiraglutide Pen Injector [Saxenda], Placebo
PMID 27222547PMID 19890430PMID 22907795PMID 22968072PMID 23161525PMID 23419600PMID 23548858PMID 23912365PMID 24149519PMID 24472033PMID 24913243PMID 25239175other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
5 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

232 citing papers in PubMed, 30 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 506 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Suicidality: A Systematic Review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Long-term effects of weight-reducing drugs in people with hypertension.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026 · on this map
    Pooled it
  3. Guideline
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  6. Guideline
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  9. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025
    Guideline
  10. Pooled it
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  12. Pharmacotherapy for obesity management in adults: 2025 clinical practice guideline update.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025
    Guideline
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172 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

6 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

7 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.

A BlackmanToronto Sleep Institute, MedSleep and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
G D FosterCenter for Obesity Research and Education, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
G ZammitClinilabs and Sleep Disorders Institute, New York, NY, USA.
R RosenbergNeuroTrials Research, Atlanta, GA, USA.
L AronneDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
T WaddenCentre for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
B ClaudiusMedical and Science Team, GLP-1 & Obesity, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark.
C B JensenMedical and Science Team, GLP-1 & Obesity, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark.
E MignotStanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Novo Nordisk (Denmark) · DKClinilabs (United States) · USCornell University · USUniversity of Toronto · CAStanford Medicine · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

8 · The paper itself

Abstract

The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.

backgroundObesity is strongly associated with prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and weight loss has been shown to reduce disease severity.

objectiveTo investigate whether liraglutide 3.0 mg reduces OSA severity compared with placebo using the primary end point of change in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) after 32 weeks. Liraglutide's weight loss efficacy was also examined. SUBJECTS/

methodsIn this randomized, double-blind trial, non-diabetic participants with obesity who had moderate (AHI 15-29.9 events h(-1)) or severe (AHI ⩾30 events h(-1)) OSA and were unwilling/unable to use continuous positive airway pressure therapy were randomized for 32 weeks to liraglutide 3.0 mg (n=180) or placebo (n=179), both as adjunct to diet (500 kcal day(-1) deficit) and exercise. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups (mean age 48.5 years, males 71.9%, AHI 49.2 events h(-1), severe OSA 67.1%, body weight 117.6 kg, body mass index 39.1 kg m(-2), prediabetes 63.2%, HbA1c 5.7%).

resultsAfter 32 weeks, the mean reduction in AHI was greater with liraglutide than with placebo (-12.2 vs -6.1 events h(-1), estimated treatment difference: -6.1 events h(-1) (95% confidence interval (CI), -11.0 to -1.2), P=0.0150). Liraglutide produced greater mean percentage weight loss compared with placebo (-5.7% vs -1.6%, estimated treatment difference: -4.2% (95% CI, -5.2 to -3.1%), P<0.0001). A statistically significant association between the degree of weight loss and improvement in OSA end points (P<0.01, all) was demonstrated post hoc. Greater reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were seen with liraglutide versus placebo (both P<0.001). The safety profile of liraglutide 3.0 mg was similar to that seen with doses ⩽1.8 mg.

conclusionsAs an adjunct to diet and exercise, liraglutide 3.0 mg was generally well tolerated and produced significantly greater reductions than placebo in AHI, body weight, SBP and HbA1c in participants with obesity and moderate/severe OSA. The results confirm that weight loss improves OSA-related parameters.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAnti-Obesity AgentsDouble-Blind MethodFemaleGlycated HemoglobinHumansHypoglycemic AgentsLiraglutideMaleMiddle AgedObesityPolysomnographyProspective StudiesSleep Apnea, ObstructiveTreatment OutcomeAnti-Obesity AgentsGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanHypoglycemic AgentsLiraglutide

Identifiers

PMID27005405
PMCPMC4973216
OpenAlexW2307508267

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.