Evidence map›GLP-1 receptor agonists × glycemic control›PMID 36871874›Full record

SynthesisDiabetes research and clinical practice2023

Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aihua Li, Xiaorong Su, Shanshan Hu, Yong Wang

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2023. The graph read 2 numbers from its abstract, feeding 2 cells of the map: it supports the treatment in 2. It is linked to trial NCT06072963 (Combination of Intranasal Insulin With Oral Semaglutide to Improve Cognition and Cerebral Blood Flow), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

2numbers the graph read from it
2cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
8.8field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
-1.300 · no effect
Glycemic controlfavours the treatment · against placebo · obesity, t2dfeeds 2 cells of the map
reduced -0.26-0.38 to -0.15
While in comparison with other antidiabetic agents, semaglutide 7 and 14 mg reduced HbA1c by 0.26% (95% CI, 0.15-0.38) and 0.38% (95%CI, 0.31-0.45).
FeedsGLP-1 receptor agonists×glycemic controlOther glucose-lowering×glycemic control
Glycemic controlfavours the treatment · against placebo · obesity, t2dfeeds one cell of the map
reduced -1.06-1.30 to -0.81
Compared with placebo, semaglutide 7 and 14 mg reduced HbA1c by 1.06% (95% CI, 0.81-1.30) and 1.10% (95% CI, 0.88-1.31), respectively.
FeedsGLP-1 receptor agonists×glycemic control

clause the extractor read what became the number

2 · Its place on the map

Where it lands on the map

Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.

supports the treatmentfavours the comparatorno clear differenceread, but no usable result
3 · What it changes

What it adds to each cell

For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.

GLP-1 receptor agonists×glycemic control

SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →

40 readable studies in this cell: 97 favour the treatment, 16 find no difference, 10 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.91replicated · 68 families support, 7 contradict · against placebo
Without itNot a counted family in this claim, so removing it changes nothing.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
0 · no effect
NCT017204463,297 enrolled · 2013
Δ -0.66-0.80 to -0.52
NCT036893742,274 enrolled · 2018
Δ -0.29-0.38 to -0.20
NCT039879191,879 enrolled · 2019
Δ -0.51-0.64 to -0.38
NCT026078651,864 enrolled · 2016
Δ -0.50-0.60 to -0.40
NCT013360231,663 enrolled · 2011
Treatment contrast -0.64-0.75 to -0.53
NCT040178321,441 enrolled · 2019
Δ -0.20-0.30 to -0.10
NCT018365231,398 enrolled · 2013
Δ -0.20-0.32 to -0.07
NCT019301881,231 enrolled · 2013
Δ -1.06-1.21 to -0.91
NCT007344741,202 enrolled · 2008
Δ -0.71-0.87 to -0.55
NCT020581471,170 enrolled · 2014
Δ -0.29-0.38 to -0.19
NCT003184611,091 enrolled · 2006
Δ -1.09-1.30 to -0.88
NCT021289321,089 enrolled · 2014
Δ -0.81-0.96 to -0.67

This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.

Other glucose-lowering×glycemic control

SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →

8 readable studies in this cell: 4 favour the treatment, 0 find no difference, 4 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.50contested · 3 families support, 1 contradict · against placebo
Without itNot a counted family in this claim, so removing it changes nothing.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
0 · no effect
NCT017093055,570 enrolled · 2012
Δ 0.190.02 to 0.36
NCT050350821,018 enrolled · 2021
Δ -0.24-0.44 to -0.04
The efficacy and safety of imeglimin as add-on therapy in patients wit…PMID 23160726 · 2013
placebo-subtracted decrease -0.44
A prospective, parallel group, open-labeled, comparative, multi-centri…PMID 21510461 · 2010
decrease -28.3
One-year acarbose treatment raises fasting serum acetate in diabetic p…PMID 7743764 · 1995
increase -1.00
Dorzagliatin add-on therapy to metformin in patients with type 2 diabe…PMID 35551292 · 2022
Δ -0.66-0.79 to -0.53
Miglitol combined with metformin improves glycaemic control in type 2 …PMID 11703422 · 2001
treatment effect 0.22
Baseline glucagon impacts glucose-lowering effects of acarbose but not…PMID 40319921 · 2025
Δ -1.32

This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.

4 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06072963 phase2recruitingstarted 2024, after this paper: background citation

Combination of Intranasal Insulin With Oral Semaglutide to Improve Cognition and Cerebral Blood Flow: a Feasibility Study

Ran2024Enrolled80Registered outcomes15Posted comparisons0ConditionsAlzheimer Disease, Metabolic Syndrome, Mild Cognitive ImpairmentArmsIntranasal insulin, Intranasal insulin placebo, semaglutide, Semaglutide placebo
PMID 29687620PMID 3662782PMID 8563978PMID 9191756PMID 32982937PMID 33044181PMID 18430999PMID 32568367PMID 32716707PMID 32562683PMID 32296731PMID 31924562other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
5 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Suicidality: A Systematic Review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Differential Efficacy of Weight Loss Interventions in Patients with Versus Without Diabetes.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2024
    Review
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review
6 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

7 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Aihua LiDepartment of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China.
Xiaorong SuDepartment of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China.
Shanshan HuDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China. Electronic address: h1435086126@163.com.
Yong WangDepartment of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China; Laboratory of Research of New Chinese Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, Guangdong, China. Electronic address: yongwh2005@163.com.
Zhujiang Hospital · CNShanghai First People's Hospital · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

8 · The paper itself

Abstract

The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.

objectivesTo investigate the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide 7 and 14 mg, the only orally delivered glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tablet approved for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

methodsSearch several databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of oral semaglutide in patients with T2DM from inception through May 31, 2021. The primary outcomes included change from baseline in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and body weight. Risk ratios (RR), mean differences (MD), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the outcomes.

resultsThis meta-analysis included 11 RCTs with a total of 9821 patients. Compared with placebo, semaglutide 7 and 14 mg reduced HbA1c by 1.06% (95% CI, 0.81-1.30) and 1.10% (95% CI, 0.88-1.31), respectively. While in comparison with other antidiabetic agents, semaglutide 7 and 14 mg reduced HbA1c by 0.26% (95% CI, 0.15-0.38) and 0.38% (95%CI, 0.31-0.45). Both doses of semaglutide could significantly reduce body weight. Semaglutide 14 mg did increase the incidence of medication discontinuation and gastrointestinal events (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea).

conclusionOnce-daily semaglutide 7 and 14 mg can significantly lowered HbA1c and body weight in patients with T2DM, and this effect increases with dose. Significantly, more gastrointestinal events occurred with semaglutide 14 mg.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Body WeightGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsGlycated HemoglobinHumansHypoglycemic AgentsSemaglutideTreatment OutcomeGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsGlycated HemoglobinHypoglycemic AgentsSemaglutideMeta-analysisOral semaglutideSystematic reviewType 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID36871874
OpenAlexW4323275849

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.