Trial reportAnnals of internal medicine2019
Long-Term Weight Loss With Metformin or Lifestyle Intervention in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.
Trial report in Annals of internal medicine, 2019. The graph read 3 numbers from its abstract, feeding 2 cells of the map, but none could be read as for or against, so it casts no vote. An erratum has been issued. It reports registered trial NCT00004992. Cited by 75 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
Read, but not usablea number the graph found but could not read as for or against
After the masked treatment phase ended, the mean weight loss relative to baseline that was maintained between years 6 and 15 was 6.2% (95% CI, 5.2% to 7.2%) in the metformin group, 3.7% (CI, 3.1% to 4.4%) in the ILS group, and 2.8% (CI, 1.3% to 4.4%) in the placebo group.
After the masked treatment phase ended, the mean weight loss relative to baseline that was maintained between years 6 and 15 was 6.2% (95% CI, 5.2% to 7.2%) in the metformin group, 3.7% (CI, 3.1% to 4.4%) in the ILS group, and 2.8% (CI, 1.3% to 4.4%) in the placebo group.
After the masked treatment phase ended, the mean weight loss relative to baseline that was maintained between years 6 and 15 was 6.2% (95% CI, 5.2% to 7.2%) in the metformin group, 3.7% (CI, 3.1% to 4.4%) in the ILS group, and 2.8% (CI, 1.3% to 4.4%) in the placebo group.
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Where it lands on the map
Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.
What it adds to each cell
For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.
Diet, exercise & lifestyle×body weight & composition
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →3 readable studies in this cell: 2 favour the treatment, 0 find no difference, 1 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
Metformin×body weight & composition
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →19 readable studies in this cell: 7 favour the treatment, 6 find no difference, 6 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Diabetes Prevention Program
Open the trial in the graphDiabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study
Open the trial in the graphTime-Restricted Eating (10-Hour Window) for Weight-Loss Maintenance in Adults With Recent Intentional Weight Loss: A Multicenter, 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2026Guideline
- Non-oncologic to oncologic drug: A systematic review of drug repurposing in cancer.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Dietary Strategies for Weight Loss Maintenance.Nutrients · 2019Pooled it
- Sympathomimetic increases resting energy expenditure following bariatric surgery: A randomized controlled clinical trial.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2022Trial
- The effects of a clinic-based weight loss program on health-related quality of life and weight maintenance in cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial.Psycho-oncology · 2022Trial
- Effect of Aerobic or Resistance Exercise, or Both, on Intermuscular and Visceral Fat and Physical and Metabolic Function in Older Adults With Obesity While Dieting.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2022Trial
- Effect of liraglutide treatment on body mass index and weight parameters in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes: Post hoc analysis of the ellipse trial.Pediatric obesity · 2021Trial
- Comparison of the clinical effect of empagliflozin on glycemic and non-glycemic parameters in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease treated with or without baseline metformin.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2021 · on this mapTrial
- Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Focused on Normalization of Glycemia: A Two-Year Pilot Study.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Group Lifestyle Phone Maintenance for Weight, Health, and Physical Function in Adults Aged 65-80 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2021Trial
- Weight Change 2 Years After Termination of the Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in the Look AHEAD Study.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2020Trial
- Lactate as a Chemical Modification on Proteins and Metabolites.Annual review of biochemistry · 2026Review
- Review
- Metabolic and appetitive regulation of adipocyte mass during treatment of obesity.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- Five-Year outcomes of a digitally delivered carbohydrate-reduced nutrition intervention for prediabetes: durability of diabetes prevention.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Metformin-Enhanced Digital Therapeutics for the Affordable Primary Prevention of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: Advancing Low-Cost Solutions for Lifestyle-Related Chronic Disorders.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Ameliorative effects of combination therapy with metformin and crocin in experimental colitis in rats.Research in pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Long-Term Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention on Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Patients With Diabetes in Real-World Clinical Practice: A 15-Year Longitudinal Study.Journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Immunometabolic Interactions in Obesity: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Weight Loss in Midlife, Chronic Disease Incidence, and All-Cause Mortality During Extended Follow-Up.JAMA network open · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.
Background: Identifying reliable predictors of long-term weight loss (LTWL) could lead to improved weight management. Objective: To identify some predictors of LTWL. Design: The DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) was a randomized controlled trial that compared weight loss with metformin, intensive lifestyle intervention (ILS), or placebo. Its Outcomes Study (DPPOS) observed patients after the masked treatment phase ended. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00004992 and NCT00038727). Setting: 27 DPP and DPPOS clinics. Participants: Of the 3234 randomly assigned participants, 1066 lost at least 5% of baseline weight in the first year and were followed for 15 years. Measurements: Treatment assignment, personal characteristics, and weight. Results: After 1 year, 289 (28.5%) participants in the metformin group, 640 (62.6%) in the ILS group, and 137 (13.4%) in the placebo group had lost at least 5% of their weight. After the masked treatment phase ended, the mean weight loss relative to baseline that was maintained between years 6 and 15 was 6.2% (95% CI, 5.2% to 7.2%) in the metformin group, 3.7% (CI, 3.1% to 4.4%) in the ILS group, and 2.8% (CI, 1.3% to 4.4%) in the placebo group. Independent predictors of LTWL included greater weight loss in the first year in all groups, older age and continued metformin use in the metformin group, older age and absence of either diabetes or a family history of diabetes in the ILS group, and higher fasting plasma glucose levels at baseline in the placebo group. Limitation: Post hoc analysis; examination of nonrandomized subsets of randomized groups after year 1. Conclusion: Among persons with weight loss of at least 5% after 1 year, those originally randomly assigned to metformin had the greatest loss during years 6 to 15. Older age and the amount of weight initially lost were the most consistent predictors of LTWL maintenance. Primary Funding Source: National Institutes of Health.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.