Trial reportEuropean journal of endocrinology2017
Heart rate acceleration with GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes patients: an acute and 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Trial report in European journal of endocrinology, 2017. The graph read 3 numbers from its abstract, feeding 3 cells of the map: it supports the treatment in 1, favours the comparator in 1. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
METHODS: In total, 57 type 2 diabetes patients (mean ± s.d. age: 62.8 ± 6.9 years; BMI: 31.8 ± 4.1 kg/m RESULTS: Exenatide-infusion increased RHR (mean ± s.e.m. +7.5 ± 0.9 BPM, P < 0.001), and systolic and diastolic BP (both P < 0.05), compared with placebo.
Twelve-week treatment with liraglutide increased RHR (+6.6 ± 2.1 BPM), while reducing systolic BP (-12.6 ± 4.7 mmHg) and stroke volume (all P < 0.01).
Read, but not usablea number the graph found but could not read as for or against
Twelve-week treatment with liraglutide increased RHR (+6.6 ± 2.1 BPM), while reducing systolic BP (-12.6 ± 4.7 mmHg) and stroke volume (all P < 0.01).
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Where it lands on the map
Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.
What it adds to each cell
For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.
GLP-1 receptor agonists×body weight & composition
ContradictsOpen on the map →What to test next →40 readable studies in this cell: 83 favour the treatment, 15 find no difference, 11 favour the comparator.
GLP-1 receptor agonists×blood pressure
SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →10 readable studies in this cell: 4 favour the treatment, 5 find no difference, 1 favour the comparator.
GLP-1 receptor agonists×cardiac & vascular function
No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →6 readable studies in this cell: 3 favour the treatment, 2 find no difference, 1 favour the comparator.
This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease: The Past, Present, and Future.American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2022Pooled it
- Exenatide and glucagon co-infusion increases myocardial glucose uptake and improves markers of diastolic dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Liraglutide Improves Myocardial Perfusion and Energetics and Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024Trial
- Mechanisms underlying the blood pressure lowering effects of dapagliflozin, exenatide, and their combination in people with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2022Trial
- Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on heart rate in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European journal of medical research · 2026Review
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Prescription Patterns in themedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Tirzepatide and Autonomic Dysfunction: Insights From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome.JACC. Case reports · 2025Article
- Possible mechanisms of action of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on blood pressure beyond body weight.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Review
- Intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1: A new player associated with impaired counterregulatory responses to hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic mice.World journal of diabetes · 2024Article
- Liraglutide does not increase heart rate of diabetic patients during acute myocardial infarction.Journal of diabetes · 2024Observational
- Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in Cardiac and Sympathoadrenal GLP-1 Receptor Signaling: Focus on Anti-Inflammatory Effects.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Relationship between Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Respiratory Disease and Diabetes.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Treating Arterial Ageing in Patients with Diabetes: From Mechanisms to Effective Drugs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Safety of Semaglutide.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021 · on this mapReview
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the Integration of Neural and Endocrine Responses to Stress.Nutrients · 2020Review
- A review of GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A focus on the mechanism of action of once-weekly agents.Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics · 2020Review
- Greater glucagon-like peptide-1 responses to oral glucose are associated with lower central and peripheral blood pressures.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2019Observational
- Heart rate variability in type 2 diabetic subjects randomized to liraglutide or glimepiride treatment, both in combination with metformin: A randomized, open, parallel-group study.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2019Article
- Long-Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Exenatide Influence on the Autonomic Cardiac Sympatho-Vagal Balance.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.
objectiveTo examine mechanisms underlying resting heart rate (RHR) increments of GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes patients.
designAcute and 12-week randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, single-centre, parallel-group trial.
methodsIn total, 57 type 2 diabetes patients (mean ± s.d. age: 62.8 ± 6.9 years; BMI: 31.8 ± 4.1 kg/m
resultsExenatide-infusion increased RHR (mean ± s.e.m. +7.5 ± 0.9 BPM, P < 0.001), and systolic and diastolic BP (both P < 0.05), compared with placebo. Vascular resistance increased during exenatide-infusion, whereas stroke volume and arterial stiffness decreased (P < 0.05). SNS activity and cardiac output were unaffected. Twelve-week treatment with liraglutide increased RHR (+6.6 ± 2.1 BPM), while reducing systolic BP (-12.6 ± 4.7 mmHg) and stroke volume (all P < 0.01). Cardiac output, vascular resistance, arterial stiffness and SNS activity remained unchanged (all P > 0.05).
conclusionsRHR acceleration with acute and 12-week GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment in type 2 diabetes patients is not explained by changes in SNS activity, and our data argue against vasodilation. In line with pre-clinical data, direct sino-atrial stimulation may be involved.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.