Evidence map›Statins × cardiovascular events›PMID 27040132›Full record

Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2016

Cholesterol Lowering in Intermediate-Risk Persons without Cardiovascular Disease.

Salim Yusuf, Jackie Bosch, Gilles Dagenais, Jun Zhu, Denis Xavier, Lisheng Liu, Prem Pais, Patricio López-Jaramillo, Lawrence A Leiter, Antonio Dans and 24 more

4 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract readMulticenter StudyPragmatic Clinical TrialRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2016. The graph read 3 numbers from its abstract, feeding 2 cells of the map: it supports the treatment in 1. It reports registered trial NCT00468923. Cited by 320 papers, 33 of them syntheses that pooled it.

3numbers the graph read from it
1cell of the map it votes in
320citing papers in PubMed, 33 pooled it
120.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
1 · no effect
Composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke, revascularization, heart failure, and resuscitated cardiac arrestrosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg per day vs placebofavours the treatment · ascvd, dyslipidemiafeeds one cell of the map
HR 0.750.64 to 0.88P<0.001
The results for the second coprimary outcome were consistent with the results for the first (occurring in 277 participants [4.4%] in the rosuvastatin group and in 363 participants [5.7%] in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.88; P<0.001).
FeedsStatins×cardiovascular events
Composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal strokerosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg per day vs placebofavours the treatment · ascvd, dyslipidemiafeeds one cell of the map
HR 0.760.64 to 0.91P=0.002
The first coprimary outcome occurred in 235 participants (3.7%) in the rosuvastatin group and in 304 participants (4.8%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.91; P=0.002).
FeedsStatins×cardiovascular events

Read, but not usablea number the graph found but could not read as for or against

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levelrosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg per day vs placebono interval or p-value · ascvd, dyslipidemiafeeds one cell of the map
Δ -26.5
RESULTS: The overall mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was 26.5% lower in the rosuvastatin group than in the placebo group.
FeedsStatins×lipids

clause the extractor read what became the number

2 · Its place on the map

Where it lands on the map

Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.

supports the treatmentfavours the comparatorno clear differenceread, but no usable result
3 · What it changes

What it adds to each cell

For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.

Statins×cardiovascular events

SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →

30 readable studies in this cell: 18 favour the treatment, 10 find no difference, 2 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.86replicated · 12 families support, 2 contradict · against placebo
Without it
0.85This paper moves it by +0.01. It would be established.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
1 · no effect
This paper12,705 enrolled · 2007
HR 0.760.64 to 0.91
NCT023442907,769 enrolled · 2015
HR 0.640.48 to 0.84
Extended-release niacin therapy and risk of ischemic stroke in patient…PMID 23881958 · 3,414 enrolled · 2005
HR 1.781.00 to 3.17
NCT03944512102 enrolled · 2019
RR 0.670.37 to 1.19
A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thrombo…PMID 19329822 · 2009
HR 0.520.28 to 0.96
Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipien…PMID 12814712 · 2003
RR 0.830.64 to 1.06
The effect of rosuvastatin on incident pneumonia: results from the JUP…PMID 22431901 · 2012
HR 0.810.67 to 0.97
Simvastatin for secondary prevention of all-cause mortality and major …PMID 17336698 · 2007
HR 0.670.56 to 0.79
Long-term benefits of atorvastatin on the incidence of cardiovascular …PMID 40139683 · 2025
HR 0.810.69 to 0.94
Fluvastatin and perioperative events in patients undergoing vascular s…PMID 19726772 · 2009
HR 0.470.24 to 0.94
Reduction in cardiovascular events with atorvastatin in 2,532 patients…PMID 15855581 · 2005
HR 0.770.61 to 0.98
Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic sten…PMID 18765433 · 2008
HR 0.780.63 to 0.97
Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodial…PMID 19332456 · 2009
HR 0.960.84 to 1.11

Statins×lipids

No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →

38 readable studies in this cell: 26 favour the treatment, 5 find no difference, 7 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.50contested · 21 families support, 7 contradict · against placebo
Without itNot a counted family in this claim, so removing it changes nothing.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
0 · no effect
NCT002899002,340 enrolled · 2006
Δ -13.2-16.8 to -9.60
Effect of evolocumab or ezetimibe added to moderate- or high-intensity…PMID 24825642 · 2,067 enrolled · 2013
reduced -66.0-73.0 to -58.0
NCT02546323543 enrolled · 2015
Δ -35.5-40.2 to -30.7
NCT01678820299 enrolled · 2012
Δ 0.50-4.80 to 5.80
NCT01218204287 enrolled · 2010
Δ 5.47-15.7 to 26.7
Lipid-Lowering Effect and Safety of Ezetimibe and Atorvastatin 5 mg in…PMID 40357888 · 252 enrolled · 2022
Δ -47.6
NCT0093525931 enrolled · 2009
Δ -51.7
Effect of Patient Financial Incentives on Statin Adherence and Lipid C…PMID 33034639 · 2020
reductions -33.6-38.8 to -28.4
Icosabutate, a Structurally Engineered Fatty Acid, Improves the Cardio…PMID 27160246 · 2016
Δ -7.40
Evidence for statin pleiotropy in humans: differential effects of stat…PMID 19075102 · 2009
RR 38.0
Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin in patients with non-insulin-depend…PMID 8198023 · 1994
decrease -24.3
Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure.PMID 17984166 · 2007
Δ 37.1

This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.

4 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT00468923 phase4completed

Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-3

Ran2007Enrolled12,705Registered outcomes14Posted comparisons0ConditionsCardiovascular Disease, StrokeArmsCandesartan/HCT, Rosuvastatin
PMID 27039945PMID 27041480other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
NCT03393377 nacompleted

Preventive Arterial Wall Phenotype in Subjects at Moderate Cardiovascular Risk Induced by Very Low-dose Fluvastatin/Valsartan Combination: a Pilot Study

Ran2014Enrolled20Registered outcomes19Posted comparisons0ConditionsAtherosclerosisArmsfluvastatin 10 mg and valsartan 20 mg, Placebo
PMID 28012835PMID 22385885PMID 20338492PMID 28870631PMID 28408026PMID 27222591PMID 26567372PMID 24814489PMID 24263076other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
NCT03590496 nacompletednot on this mapstarted 2018, after this paper: background citation

Safety and Efficacy of PROPionatE for Reduction of LDL Cholesterol (PROPER-LDL Trial) - A Phase 2 Randomized Placebo Controlled Double-blind Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorCharite University, Berlin, GermanyRan2018 to 2020Enrolled62ConditionsHypercholesterolemiaArmsCalcium-Propionate 500mg, Placebo
NCT05514938 phase2completednot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Polypill Strategy for Evidence-Based Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in an Underserved Patient Population

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterRan2022 to 2025Enrolled140ConditionsAcute Coronary Syndrome, Lipid Disorder, Coronary Artery DiseaseArmsPolypill, Usual Care (individual medications prescribed by primary cardiologist)
5 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

320 citing papers in PubMed, 33 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 837 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Guideline
  5. Berberine and health outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025
    Pooled it
  6. Statins for the primary prevention of venous thromboembolism.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024
    Pooled it
  7. Guideline
  8. Pooled it
  9. Pooled it
  10. Pooled it
  11. Benefits and Risks of Antihyperlipidemic Medication in Adults with Different Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Based on the Number Needed to Treat.American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2024 · on this map
    Pooled it
  12. Pooled it
  13. Pooled it
  14. Pooled it
  15. Pooled it
  16. The association of statin therapy and cancer: a meta-analysis.Lipids in health and disease · 2023 · on this map
    Pooled it
  17. Pooled it
  18. Pooled it
  19. Guideline
  20. Pooled it

260 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

6 · The record

Corrections and comments

7 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

34 authors at 9 institutions in 16 countries.

Salim YusufFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Jackie BoschFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Gilles DagenaisFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Jun ZhuFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Denis XavierFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Lisheng LiuFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Prem PaisFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Patricio López-JaramilloFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Lawrence A LeiterFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Antonio DansFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Alvaro AvezumFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Leopoldo S PiegasFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Alexander ParkhomenkoFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Katalin KeltaiFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Matyas KeltaiFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Karen SliwaFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Ron J G PetersFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Claes HeldFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Irina ChazovaFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Khalid YusoffFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Basil S LewisFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Petr JanskyFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Kamlesh KhuntiFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
William D ToffFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Christopher M ReidFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
John VarigosFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Gregorio Sanchez-VallejoFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Robert McKelvieFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Janice PogueFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Hyejung JungFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Peggy GaoFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Rafael DiazFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
Eva LonnFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
HOPE-3 Investigators
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College · CNPopulation Health Research Institute · CACarmel Medical Center · ILGlenfield Hospital · GBHamilton Health Sciences · CAInstituto Cardiovascular de Rosario · ARMonash University · AUUniversity College London · GBUniversity of Cape Town · ZA

Funding

Canadian Institutes of Health Research IR2-91038
8 · The paper itself

Abstract

The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.

backgroundPrevious trials have shown that the use of statins to lower cholesterol reduces the risk of cardiovascular events among persons without cardiovascular disease. Those trials have involved persons with elevated lipid levels or inflammatory markers and involved mainly white persons. It is unclear whether the benefits of statins can be extended to an intermediate-risk, ethnically diverse population without cardiovascular disease.

methodsIn one comparison from a 2-by-2 factorial trial, we randomly assigned 12,705 participants in 21 countries who did not have cardiovascular disease and were at intermediate risk to receive rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg per day or placebo. The first coprimary outcome was the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke, and the second coprimary outcome additionally included revascularization, heart failure, and resuscitated cardiac arrest. The median follow-up was 5.6 years.

resultsThe overall mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was 26.5% lower in the rosuvastatin group than in the placebo group. The first coprimary outcome occurred in 235 participants (3.7%) in the rosuvastatin group and in 304 participants (4.8%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.91; P=0.002). The results for the second coprimary outcome were consistent with the results for the first (occurring in 277 participants [4.4%] in the rosuvastatin group and in 363 participants [5.7%] in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.88; P<0.001). The results were also consistent in subgroups defined according to cardiovascular risk at baseline, lipid level, C-reactive protein level, blood pressure, and race or ethnic group. In the rosuvastatin group, there was no excess of diabetes or cancers, but there was an excess of cataract surgery (in 3.8% of the participants, vs. 3.1% in the placebo group; P=0.02) and muscle symptoms (in 5.8% of the participants, vs. 4.7% in the placebo group; P=0.005).

conclusionsTreatment with rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg per day resulted in a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular events than placebo in an intermediate-risk, ethnically diverse population without cardiovascular disease. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and AstraZeneca; HOPE-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00468923.).

Indexed as

AgedCardiovascular DiseasesCholesterol, LDLDouble-Blind MethodFemaleHumansHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsHypercholesterolemiaMaleMedication AdherenceMiddle AgedRisk FactorsRosuvastatin CalciumCholesterol, LDLHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsRosuvastatin Calcium

Identifiers

PMID27040132
OpenAlexW2313998826

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.