Evidence map›Antihypertensives × cardiovascular events›PMID 27039945›Full record

Trial reportThe New England journal of medicine2016

Blood-Pressure and Cholesterol Lowering in Persons without Cardiovascular Disease.

Salim Yusuf, Eva Lonn, Prem Pais, Jackie Bosch, Patricio López-Jaramillo, Jun Zhu, Denis Xavier, Alvaro Avezum, Lawrence A Leiter, Leopoldo S Piegas and 23 more

Erratum issued 3 registry-linked trialsAbstract readComparative StudyMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The New England journal of medicine, 2016. The graph read 4 numbers from its abstract, feeding 6 cells of the map: it supports the treatment in 2. An erratum has been issued. It reports registered trial NCT00468923. Cited by 130 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

4numbers the graph read from it
2cells of the map it votes in
130citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
0.51 · no effect
First coprimary outcome (composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke)combined-therapy group (rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents) vs dual-placebo groupfavours the treatment · hypertension, ascvdfeeds 2 cells of the map
HR 0.710.56 to 0.90P=0.005
The first coprimary outcome occurred in 113 participants (3.6%) in the combined-therapy group and in 157 (5.0%) in the dual-placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 0.90; P=0.005).
FeedsStatins×cardiovascular eventsAntihypertensives×cardiovascular events
Second coprimary outcome (first coprimary outcome additionally included heart failure, cardiac arrest, or revascularization)combined-therapy group (rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents) vs dual-placebo groupfavours the treatment · hypertension, ascvdfeeds 2 cells of the map
HR 0.720.57 to 0.89P=0.003
The second coprimary outcome occurred in 136 participants (4.3%) and 187 participants (5.9%), respectively (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.89; P=0.003).
FeedsStatins×cardiovascular eventsAntihypertensives×cardiovascular events

Read, but not usablea number the graph found but could not read as for or against

Decrease in the LDL cholesterol levelcombined-therapy group (rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents) vs dual-placebo groupno interval or p-value · hypertension, ascvdfeeds 2 cells of the map
Δ -33.7
RESULTS: The decrease in the LDL cholesterol level was 33.7 mg per deciliter (0.87 mmol per liter) greater in the combined-therapy group than in the dual-placebo group, and the decrease in systolic blood pressure was 6.2 mm Hg greater with combined therapy than with dual placebo.
FeedsStatins×lipidsAntihypertensives×lipids
Decrease in systolic blood pressurecombined-therapy group (rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents) vs dual-placebo groupno interval or p-value · hypertension, ascvdfeeds 2 cells of the map
Δ -6.20
RESULTS: The decrease in the LDL cholesterol level was 33.7 mg per deciliter (0.87 mmol per liter) greater in the combined-therapy group than in the dual-placebo group, and the decrease in systolic blood pressure was 6.2 mm Hg greater with combined therapy than with dual placebo.
FeedsStatins×blood pressureAntihypertensives×blood pressure

clause the extractor read what became the number

2 · Its place on the map

Where it lands on the map

Rows are treatments, columns are outcomes. The coloured squares are the cells this paper feeds, coloured by the vote it casts there. Click one to jump to what this paper adds to it.

supports the treatmentfavours the comparatorno clear differenceread, but no usable result
3 · What it changes

What it adds to each cell

For every cell the paper feeds: the belief in the claim with and without this paper, and this paper's estimate drawn against every other readable study in the cell. The ringed dot is this paper.

Antihypertensives×cardiovascular events

SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →

1 readable study in this cell: 1 favour the treatment, 0 find no difference, 0 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.50one trial · 1 family supports, 0 contradict · against placebo
Without itThis paper is the only evidence family behind the claim. Without it there is no number.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
1 · no effect
This paper12,705 enrolled · 2007
HR 0.720.57 to 0.89

Statins×cardiovascular events

SupportsOpen on the map →What to test next →

30 readable studies in this cell: 18 favour the treatment, 11 find no difference, 1 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.86replicated · 12 families support, 2 contradict · against placebo
Without it
0.85This paper moves it by +0.01. It would be established.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
1 · no effect
This paper12,705 enrolled · 2007
HR 0.720.57 to 0.89
NCT023442907,769 enrolled · 2015
HR 0.640.48 to 0.84
Extended-release niacin therapy and risk of ischemic stroke in patient…PMID 23881958 · 3,414 enrolled · 2005
HR 1.781.00 to 3.17
NCT03944512102 enrolled · 2019
RR 0.670.37 to 1.19
A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thrombo…PMID 19329822 · 2009
HR 0.610.35 to 1.09
Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipien…PMID 12814712 · 2003
RR 0.830.64 to 1.06
The effect of rosuvastatin on incident pneumonia: results from the JUP…PMID 22431901 · 2012
HR 0.810.67 to 0.97
Simvastatin for secondary prevention of all-cause mortality and major …PMID 17336698 · 2007
HR 0.620.49 to 0.77
Long-term benefits of atorvastatin on the incidence of cardiovascular …PMID 40139683 · 2025
HR 0.880.80 to 0.98
Fluvastatin and perioperative events in patients undergoing vascular s…PMID 19726772 · 2009
HR 0.470.24 to 0.94
Reduction in cardiovascular events with atorvastatin in 2,532 patients…PMID 15855581 · 2005
HR 0.770.61 to 0.98
Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic sten…PMID 18765433 · 2008
HR 0.960.83 to 1.12
Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodial…PMID 19332456 · 2009
HR 0.960.84 to 1.11

Antihypertensives×lipids

No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →

2 readable studies in this cell: 2 favour the treatment, 0 find no difference, 0 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.96replicated · 2 families support, 0 contradict · against placebo
Without itNot a counted family in this claim, so removing it changes nothing.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
0 · no effect
Effect of the Million Hearts Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction Mod…PMID 34076665 · 2021
Δ -1.80-2.90 to -0.60
Nurse-coordinated multidisciplinary, family-based cardiovascular disea…PMID 18555911 · 2008
change 12.72.40 to 23.0

This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.

Antihypertensives×blood pressure

No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →

3 readable studies in this cell: 0 favour the treatment, 2 find no difference, 1 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.96replicated · 2 families support, 0 contradict · against placebo
Without itNot a counted family in this claim, so removing it changes nothing.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
0 · no effect
NCT00976495154 enrolled · 2009
Δ 3.26-1.55 to 8.08
Effect of the Million Hearts Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction Mod…PMID 34076665 · 2021
Δ 4.802.90 to 6.70
A pilot randomized clinical trial of gamification to increase medicati…PMID 41802527 · 2026
Δ 1.40-1.20 to 3.90

This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.

Statins×lipids

No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →

38 readable studies in this cell: 28 favour the treatment, 4 find no difference, 6 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.50contested · 21 families support, 7 contradict · against placebo
Without itNot a counted family in this claim, so removing it changes nothing.
← favours the treatmentfavours the comparator →
0 · no effect
NCT002899002,340 enrolled · 2006
Δ -13.2-16.8 to -9.60
Effect of evolocumab or ezetimibe added to moderate- or high-intensity…PMID 24825642 · 2,067 enrolled · 2013
reduced -66.0-73.0 to -58.0
NCT02546323543 enrolled · 2015
Δ -35.5-40.2 to -30.7
NCT01678820299 enrolled · 2012
Δ 0.50-4.80 to 5.80
NCT01218204287 enrolled · 2010
Δ 5.47-15.7 to 26.7
Lipid-Lowering Effect and Safety of Ezetimibe and Atorvastatin 5 mg in…PMID 40357888 · 252 enrolled · 2022
Δ -47.6
NCT0093525931 enrolled · 2009
Δ -51.7
Effect of Patient Financial Incentives on Statin Adherence and Lipid C…PMID 33034639 · 2020
reductions -33.6-38.8 to -28.4
Icosabutate, a Structurally Engineered Fatty Acid, Improves the Cardio…PMID 27160246 · 2016
Δ -7.40
Evidence for statin pleiotropy in humans: differential effects of stat…PMID 19075102 · 2009
RR 38.0
Efficacy and safety of fluvastatin in patients with non-insulin-depend…PMID 8198023 · 1994
decrease -24.3
Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure.PMID 17984166 · 2007
Δ 37.1

This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.

Statins×blood pressure

No readable resultOpen on the map →What to test next →

9 readable studies in this cell: 4 favour the treatment, 4 find no difference, 1 favour the comparator.

Belief with this paper
0.83replicated · 5 families support, 1 contradict · against placebo
Without itNot a counted family in this claim, so removing it changes nothing.
← favours the comparatorfavours the treatment →
1 · no effect
NCT03944512102 enrolled · 2019
RR 3.000.32 to 77.2
Association of Lipoproteins, Insulin Resistance, and Rosuvastatin With…PMID 27347563 · 2016
HR 1.351.03 to 1.76
Effect of pravastatin on blood pressure in people with cardiovascular …PMID 16625234 · 2006
OR 0.990.80 to 1.23
Preventive effect of pravastatin on the development of hypertension in…PMID 28655522
HR 0.900.81 to 1.00
Informed shared decision-making programme for patients with type 2 dia…PMID 30552272 · 2018
OR 22.25.30 to 93.3

This paper's own estimate is on a different scale from the rest of the cell, so it is not drawn here.

4 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT00468923 phase4completed

Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-3

Ran2007Enrolled12,705Registered outcomes14Posted comparisons0ConditionsCardiovascular Disease, StrokeArmsCandesartan/HCT, Rosuvastatin
PMID 27040132PMID 27041480other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
NCT03532620 phase4unknown statusstarted 2018, after this paper: background citation

A Multi-center, Open-label, Randomized, 12-month, Parallel-group, Non-inferiority Study to Compare the Hemoglobin A1C Metabolism of Pitavastatin Therapy Versus Atorvastatin in Chinese Patients With Prediabetes and Hypertension

Ran2018Enrolled396Registered outcomes14Posted comparisons0ConditionsDyslipidemias, Hypertension, Prediabetic StateArmsAtorvastatin calcium, Pitavastatin Calcium
PMID 24793439PMID 22878405PMID 21028996PMID 19104004PMID 20736443PMID 18997196PMID 26432671PMID 12551878other papers from this trial
Open the trial in the graph
NCT05155137 phase3recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2021, after this paper: background citation

Polypill and RiscOMeter to Prevent StrOke and CogniTive ImpairmEnt in Primary Health Care

TypeinterventionalSponsorHospital Moinhos de VentoRan2021 to 2030Enrolled8,518ConditionsStroke, Cognitive DeclineArmsDrug Capsule (Valsartan + Amlodipine + Rosuvastatin), Stroke Riskometer
5 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

130 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Pooled it
  8. Pooled it
  9. Pooled it
  10. Guideline
  11. Pooled it
  12. Trial
  13. Trial
  14. Polypill with or without Aspirin in Persons without Cardiovascular Disease.The New England journal of medicine · 2021 · on this map
    Trial
  15. Trial
  16. Trial
  17. Trial
  18. Trial
  19. Trial
  20. Trial

70 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

6 · The record

Corrections and comments

7 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

33 authors.

Salim YusufFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Eva LonnFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Prem PaisFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Jackie BoschFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Patricio López-JaramilloFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Jun ZhuFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Denis XavierFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Alvaro AvezumFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Lawrence A LeiterFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Leopoldo S PiegasFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Alexander ParkhomenkoFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Matyas KeltaiFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Katalin KeltaiFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Karen SliwaFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Irina ChazovaFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Ron J G PetersFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Claes HeldFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Khalid YusoffFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Basil S LewisFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Petr JanskyFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Kamlesh KhuntiFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
William D ToffFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Christopher M ReidFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
John VarigosFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Jose L AcciniFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Robert McKelvieFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Janice PogueFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Hyejung JungFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Lisheng LiuFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Rafael DiazFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Antonio DansFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
Gilles DagenaisFrom the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., E.L., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J.), Department of Medicine (S.Y., E.L., R.M.), School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.), and Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.) - all in Canada; St. John's Research Institute (P.P., D.X.), and St. John's Medical College (D.X.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (J.L.A.) - both in Colombia; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), Sao Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.K., K. Keltai); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); the Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P.); the Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur (K.Y.) - both in Malaysia; Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel (B.S.L.); University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Repu
HOPE-3 Investigators

Funding

Canadian Institutes of Health Research IR2-91038)
8 · The paper itself

Abstract

The marked sentences are the ones the graph read a number from.

backgroundElevated blood pressure and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Lowering both should reduce the risk of cardiovascular events substantially.

methodsIn a trial with 2-by-2 factorial design, we randomly assigned 12,705 participants at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease to rosuvastatin (10 mg per day) or placebo and to candesartan (16 mg per day) plus hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg per day) or placebo. In the analyses reported here, we compared the 3180 participants assigned to combined therapy (with rosuvastatin and the two antihypertensive agents) with the 3168 participants assigned to dual placebo. The first coprimary outcome was the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke, and the second coprimary outcome additionally included heart failure, cardiac arrest, or revascularization. The median follow-up was 5.6 years.

resultsThe decrease in the LDL cholesterol level was 33.7 mg per deciliter (0.87 mmol per liter) greater in the combined-therapy group than in the dual-placebo group, and the decrease in systolic blood pressure was 6.2 mm Hg greater with combined therapy than with dual placebo. The first coprimary outcome occurred in 113 participants (3.6%) in the combined-therapy group and in 157 (5.0%) in the dual-placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 0.90; P=0.005). The second coprimary outcome occurred in 136 participants (4.3%) and 187 participants (5.9%), respectively (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.89; P=0.003). Muscle weakness and dizziness were more common in the combined-therapy group than in the dual-placebo group, but the overall rate of discontinuation of the trial regimen was similar in the two groups.

conclusionsThe combination of rosuvastatin (10 mg per day), candesartan (16 mg per day), and hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg per day) was associated with a significantly lower rate of cardiovascular events than dual placebo among persons at intermediate risk who did not have cardiovascular disease. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and AstraZeneca; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00468923.).

Indexed as

AgedAntihypertensive AgentsBenzimidazolesBiphenyl CompoundsCardiovascular DiseasesCholesterol, LDLDouble-Blind MethodDrug Therapy, CombinationFemaleHumansHydrochlorothiazideHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsHypertensionMaleMedication AdherenceMiddle AgedAntihypertensive AgentsBenzimidazolesBiphenyl CompoundscandesartanCholesterol, LDLHydrochlorothiazideHydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase InhibitorsRosuvastatin CalciumTetrazoles

Identifiers

PMID27039945

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.